Пуленепробиваемое стекло
Пуленепробиваемое стекло , баллистическое стекло , прозрачная броня или пуленелостное стекло представляет собой сильный и оптически прозрачный материал, который особенно устойчив к проникновению снарядами. Как и любой другой материал, он не полностью непроницаем. Обычно это изготавливается из комбинации из двух или более типов стекла, одного жесткого и одного мягкого. [ 1 ] Более мягкий слой делает стекло более упругим, так что он может сгибаться, а не разбить. Индекс преломления для всех очков, используемых в пуленепробиваемых слоях, должен быть почти одинаковым, чтобы сохранить стекло прозрачным и обеспечить четкий, неисканный вид через стекло. Пуленепробиваемое стекло варьируется по толщине от 3 ~ от 4 до 3 + 1 ~ 2 дюйма (от 19 до 89 мм). [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Бюстопрофилительное стекло используется в окнах зданий, которые требуют такой безопасности, таких как ювелирные магазины и посольства, а также военных и частных транспортных средств.
Строительство
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Bullet-resistant glass is constructed using layers of laminated glass. The more layers there are, the more protection the glass offers. When a weight reduction is needed, polycarbonate (a thermoplastic) is laminated onto the safe side to stop spall. The aim is to make a material with the appearance and clarity of standard glass but with effective protection from small arms. Polycarbonate designs usually consist of products such as Armormax, Makroclear, Cyrolon: a soft coating that heals after being scratched (such as elastomeric carbon-based polymers) or a hard coating that prevents scratching (such as silicon-based polymers).[4]
The plastic in laminate designs also provides resistance to impact from physical assault from blunt and sharp objects. The plastic provides little in the way of bullet-resistance. The glass, which is much harder than plastic, flattens the bullet, and the plastic deforms, with the aim of absorbing the rest of the energy and preventing penetration. The ability of the polycarbonate layer to stop projectiles with varying energy is directly proportional to its thickness,[5] and bulletproof glass of this design may be up to 3.5 inches thick.[3]
Laminated glass layers are built from glass sheets bonded together with polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, Sentryglas, or ethylene-vinyl acetate. When treated with chemical processes, the glass becomes much stronger. This design has been in regular use on combat vehicles since World War II. It is typically thick and is usually extremely heavy.[6]
| Sample thickness and weight for bullet-resistant glass materials[7][8][9] | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threat Stopped | Glass Laminate | Polycarbonate | Acrylic | Glass-Clad Polycarbonate | Aluminum oxynitride | ||||||||||||||||
| Protection Level | (example) | Thickness | Weight | Thickness | Weight | Thickness | Weight | Thickness | Weight | Thickness | Weight | ||||||||||
| in. | mm | lb/sq. ft. | kg/m2 | in. | mm | lb/sq. ft. | kg/m2 | in. | mm | lb/sq. ft. | kg/m2 | in. | mm | lb/sq. ft. | kg/m2 | in. | mm | lb/sq. ft. | kg/m2 | ||
| UL 752 Level 1 | 9 mm 3 shots | 1.185 | 30.09 | 15.25 | 74.46 | 0.75 | 19.05 | 4.6 | 22.46 | 1.25 | 31.75 | 7.7 | 37.6 | 0.818 | 20.78 | 8.99 | 43.9 | ||||
| UL 752 Level 2 | .357 Magnum 3 shots | 1.4 | 35.56 | 17.94 | 87.6 | 1.03 | 26.16 | 6.4 | 31.25 | 1.375 | 34.92 | 8.5 | 41.50 | 1.075 | 27.3 | 11.68 | 57.02 | ||||
| UL 752 Level 3 (approximately NIJ IIIA[10]) | .44 Magnum 3 shots (5 shots for NIJ IIIa) | 1.59 | 40.38 | 20.94 | 102.24 | 1.25 | 31.75 | 7.7 | 37.6 | 1.288 | 32.71 | 14.23 | 69.47 | ||||||||
| UL 752 Level 4 | .30-06 1 shot | 1.338 | 35.25 | 14.43 | 69.47 | ||||||||||||||||
| UL 752 Level 5 | 7.62 mm 1 shot | ||||||||||||||||||||
| UL 752 Level 6 | .357 Magnum underloaded 5 shots | ||||||||||||||||||||
| UL 752 Level 7 | 5.56x45 5 shots | ||||||||||||||||||||
| UL 752 Level 8 (approximately NIJ III) | 7.62 mm NATO 5 shots | 2.374 | 60.3 | 26.01 | 126.99 | 18.25 | |||||||||||||||
| UL 752 Level 9 | .30-06 M2 AP 1 shot | ||||||||||||||||||||
| UL 752 Level 10 | .50 BMG 1 shot | 1.6 | 40.6 | 30.76 | 150.1 | ||||||||||||||||
9mm 124gr @ 1175-1293fps (1400-1530fps for Level 6), 357M 158gr @ 1250-1375fps, 44M 240gr @ 1350-1485fps, 30-06 180gr @ 2540-2794fps, 5.56NATO 55gr @ 3080-3388fps, 7.62NATO 150gr @ 2750-3025fps. For all ratings in the above chart; all copper-jacketed lead FMJ, except 44 mg is lead semi-wadcutter gas-check, and 30-06 is LEAD core soft point.
Test standards
[edit]
Bullet-resistant materials are tested using a gun to fire a projectile from a set distance into the material, in a specific pattern. Levels of protection are based on the ability of the target to stop a specific type of projectile traveling at a specific speed. Experiments suggest that polycarbonate fails at lower velocities with regular shaped projectiles compared to irregular ones (like fragments), meaning that testing with regular shaped projectiles gives a conservative estimate of its resistance.[11] When projectiles do not penetrate, the depth of the dent left by the impact can be measured and related to the projectile’s velocity and thickness of the material.[5] Some researchers have developed mathematical models based on results of this kind of testing to help them design bulletproof glass to resist specific anticipated threats.[12]
Environmental effects
[edit]The properties of bullet-resistant glass can be affected by temperature and by exposure to solvents or UV radiation, usually from sunlight. If the polycarbonate layer is below a glass layer, it has some protection from UV radiation due to the glass and bonding layer. Over time the polycarbonate becomes more brittle because it is an amorphous polymer (which is necessary for it to be transparent) that moves toward thermodynamic equilibrium.[4]
An impact on polycarbonate by a projectile at temperatures below −7 °C sometimes creates spall, pieces of polycarbonate that are broken off and become projectiles themselves. Experiments have demonstrated that the size of the spall is related to the thickness of the laminate rather than the size of the projectile. The spall starts in surface flaws caused by bending of the inner, polycarbonate layer and the cracks move “backwards” through to the impact surface. It has been suggested that a second inner layer of polycarbonate may effectively resist penetration by the spall.[4]
2000s advances
[edit]In 2005, it was reported that U.S. military researchers were developing a class of transparent armor incorporating aluminum oxynitride (ALON) as the outside "strike plate" layer. Traditional glass/polymer was demonstrated by ALON's manufacturer to require 2.3 times more thickness than ALON's, to guard against a .50 BMG projectile.[13] ALON is much lighter and performs much better than traditional glass/polymer laminates. Aluminum oxynitride "glass" can defeat threats like the .50 caliber armor-piercing rounds using material that is not prohibitively heavy.[14][15]
Spinel ceramics
[edit]Certain types of ceramics can also be used for transparent armor due to their properties of increased density and hardness when compared to traditional glass. These types of synthetic ceramic transparent armors can allow for thinner armor with equivalent stopping power to traditional laminated glass.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "How Ballistic Glass Is Made". Insulgard Security Products. 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
- ^ Bertino, AJ, Bertino PN, Forensic Science: Fundamentals and Investigations, Cengage Learning, 2008, p. 407
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Bullet Resistant Glass & Laminates: Military Vehicles Humvees Protection". Usarmorllc.com. 2013-12-31. Archived from the original on 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Walley, S.M.; Field J.E.; Blair, P.W.; Milford, A.J. (March 11, 2003). "The effect of temperature on the impact behaviour of glass/polycarbonate laminates" (pdf-1.17 Mb). International Journal of Impact Engineering. 30 (30?). Elsevier Science Ltd: 31–52. doi:10.1016/S0734-743X(03)00046-0. Retrieved September 15, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Gunnarsson CA; et al. (June 2009). "Deformation and Failure of Polycarbonate during Impact as a Function of Thickness" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) Annual Conference, June 1–4, 2009, Albuquerque New Mexico, USA. Society for Experimental Mechanics Inc. Archived from the original (pdf-443Kb) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Shah, Q. H.
- ^ Технические характеристики компании от общих решений безопасности и/или Pacific Bulletproof. Получено 9 мая 2011 г.
- ^ Nationwide Structures Inc. "Баллистические графики" . NationWidestructure.com . Получено 2014-08-04 .
- ^ «Прозрачный прозрачный Armor 50 Caliber's Alon® . YouTube. 2011-03-14 . Получено 2014-08-04 .
- ^ UL 752 Уровень 3, устойчивый к пуле, стекловолокно Нажмите на нижнюю диаграмму
- ^ Чандал Д., Крайслер Дж. Числовой анализ баллистической производительности прозрачной поликарбонатной пластины 6,35 мм. Оборонное исследовательское учреждение, Valcartier, Квебек, Канада. DREV-TM-9834, 1998.
- ^ Cros PE, Rota L, Contento CE, Schirer R, Fond C. Экспериментальный и численный анализ воздействия поведения поликарбоната и полиуретанового лайнера Phys IV, Франция 10: PR9-671-PR9-676, 2000.
- ^ Прозрачный Armor Alon® Alon® Caliber Test
- ^ Лундин, Лора (17 октября 2005 г.). «Тестирование ВВС Новая прозрачная броня» . Исследовательская лаборатория ВВС . Получено 16 февраля 2021 года .
- ^ «Прозрачная броня на основе сапфировых драгоценных камней защищает солдат от снайперов» . Fox News. 18 октября 2018 года . Получено 16 февраля 2021 года .
- ^ «Керамическая прозрачная броня может заменить« пуленепробиваемое стекло » » . Архивировано из оригинала 30 августа 2011 года.