Гад Хамфрис

Гад Хамфрис (? - 25 октября 1859 года) был офицером в армии Соединенных Штатов и индийским агентом во Флориде. Он был назначен на свой пост в 1822 году. Он поддерживал индейцев и пытался помочь им и защитить их от посягательств белыми поселенцами. Его обвинили в том, что он злоупотреблял своим постом, предотвращая или откладывая возвращение к своим владельцам беглых рабов, которые укрылись с индейцами. Было проведено расследование, но ни один из его обвинителей не был готов дать показания. Несмотря на это, он был удален с своего поста в 1830 году.

Армия

Хамфрис был из Нью -Йорка. Он был заказан в качестве первого лейтенанта в 6 -м пехотном полку армии Соединенных Штатов в 1808 году. Он был назначен капитаном в 1809 году и до майора в 4 -м пехотном полку в 1814 году. Он был уволен из армии в 1815 году в сокращении силы в армии в конце войны 1812 года . Он был восстановлен в качестве капитана в 6 -м пехотном полку в конце 1815 года, с званием майора Бревета . Он был повышен до майора в 1817 году и подполковнику в 2 -м пехотном полку в 1820 году. После 13 лет службы Хамфрис был выписан в 1821 году в результате другого сокращения силы в армии.

Назначение в качестве индийского агента

Хамфрис был назначен индийским агентом на территории Флориды в мае 1822 года. Предполагалось, что Хамфрис руководил организацией и проведением конференции с индийцами во Флориде, которая должна была состояться с 20 ноября 1822 года, но он еще не был во Флориде, и губернатор Уильям Папа Дюваль покинул территорию, чтобы заняться личным бизнесом. Некоторые индийские лидеры появились на конференции, но уехали через три дня, потому что ни один правительственный чиновники не прибыли, это большое смущение для территориального правительства. Humphreys took up his position as Indian agent in Pensacola in late December 1822, but did not receive instructions on his duties until the next month. In the summer of 1823, Humphreys conducted about 350 members of Indian bands that lived west of the Suwannee River, including the Miccosukees, Tallahassees, and Apalachicola band, almost 300 miles (480 km) from St. Marks to the conference site 5 miles (8.0 km) south of St. Augustine where the Treaty of Moultrie Creek was negotiated.

The Miccosukees and Tallahassees were reluctant to move to the new reservation, and Humphreys argued against moving them too quickly, even while Governor Duval was pressuring them to move. Humphreys also criticized the provision in the treaty that allowed Neamathla and the Apalachicola band to remain on small reservations along the Apalachicola River while the other bands west of the Suwannee had to move to the reservation in central Florida. Then, in July 1824, as Duval was personally confronting Neamathla over the move, Humphreys left Florida without notifying the governor he was taking leave. The Indians complained that the reservation was not large enough to support them. Benjamin Chaires, who had won the contract to supply rations to the Indians on the reservation, stated that the land in the reservation was the poorest in the state. Humphreys and other Whites agreed that the reservation needed to be enlarged.

In 1825, severe drought resulted in a poor corn crop for the Seminoles. Humphreys authorized a hunting party of Seminoles to leave the reservation in search of game. In early June a plantation owner in St. Johns County reported a hostile encounter with a Seminole hunting party looking for three missing members of the party. A detachment of soldiers from Fort Marion, accompanied by White civilians, found the Seminoles at Cabbage Swamp, north of St. Augustine. The Seminoles were wary of the large White party and fled, and the Whites fired at them. One Seminole suffered a broken arm. Since the hunting party had been authorized by Humphreys, the Seminoles were allowed to return to the reservation. Their report of the incident, however, led the Seminoles to prepare for war. Troops were dispatched from Fort Brooke and Fort Marion to the Indian agency that had been established by Humphreys at Silver Springs, the missing men turned up, a physician from Fort Marion was sent to treat the broken arm, and war was averted.

Government rations had never been adequate, and ended in October 1825, and some Seminoles starved to death. Humphreys was among the officials who requested more rations be issued, and the government did so. Starving Seminoles left or turned back from moving to the reservation, and killed cattle belonging to White settlers. While Humphreys felt that the Alachua County militia should have been able to repel the wandering Seminoles, the settlers blamed Humphreys from not bringing in regular Army troops, and accused him of condoning the Seminoles' excursions off of the reservation.

In May 1826, Humphreys accompanied seven Seminole leaders, including Neamathla of the Apalachicola band, Tuckose Emathla (called "John Hicks" by English speakers) of the Miccosukees, Micanopy, chief of the Alachua Seminoles, Holata Micco, of the Peace River band, Tulce Emathla, and Fuche Luste Hadjo, also of the Alachua Seminoles, to Washington, D.C. to meet with James Barbour, United States Secretary of War.

The next month, the government convened a conference of Seminoles to elect a chief for all of the bands in Florida. The main contenders were Micanopy and Tuckose Emathla, who was also backed by the Miccosukees and Tallahassees. The conference was held in July at the Indian agency at Silver Springs. When it looked like violence might result from the rivalry of the factions, Humphreys requested troops be sent from Cantonment Brooke (on Tampa Bay) to help maintain peace. Tuckose Emathla was elected and installed as the supreme chief of the Seminole nation without disturbance.

Many officials wanted an Army post closer to the reservation than Tampa Bay. The Army at first proposed a temporary post on the Suwannee River, but Humphreys and others protested that place was too far from the reservation. As a result, the new post, which became Fort King, was placed 0.25 miles (0.40 km) from Humphreys' Indian agency. Humphreys tried to defend the Seminoles against White settlers so strongly that a grand jury presented an indictment against him in 1827.

Fugitive slaves

Ownership of Black slaves was a major disruptive issue between White Americans and the Seminoles of Florida for most of the first half of the 19th century. The issue was important in the attempt to seize East Florida from Spain in 1812 and the First Seminole War of the late 1810s. Moreover, many Blacks, including runaway slaves, were allies of the Seminoles, and some served as interpreters for and advisors to the Seminoles.

After Florida was transferred from Spain to the United States in 1821, two important issues for the U.S. government were to remove Indians from land in northern Florida that was attracting White settlers, and to recover slaves that had run away from White and Indian owners in the United States and taken shelter with the Seminoles in Florida. The 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek required most of the Indians in Florida to move to a reservation in the center of the Florida peninsula. Article seven of the treaty also required the Seminoles to prevent runaway slaves or fugitives from justice from entering or passing through the reservation, and to deliver such runaways and fugitives to an Indian agent. The treaty required a census of the Seminoles, but Neamathla, who had been elected chief negotiator by the participating bands for the treaty, refused to provide a specific number for the Blacks living with the Seminoles.

Legal procedures for handling disputes between Whites and Indians over ownership of slaves had been established, but failed to ease the problem. Indians usually refused to surrender disputed slaves before their status was resolved in court, saying the slaves in White possession were never returned to Indians, even when a court ruled that they belonged to an Indian. Indians also believed that Whites intended to seize all Blacks, regardless of their legal ownership or status. White settlers, on the other hand, complained that even when they had bought slaves from the Indians, the slaves tended to slip away and return to the Indians. Some settlers advocated military force to "recover pilfered property" from the Seminoles.

Accusations and investigation

Humphreys was charged with obstructing the return of runaway slaves in hopes that the loss of time and money would dissuade the owners from pursuing their claims. It was also charged that Humphreys had used runaway slaves on his own land for months before returning them to their owners. Despite orders about not doing business with the Indians for whom he was appointed agent, Humphreys was involved in the slave trade with the Seminoles. It was also claimed that he had "connived with the Indians in the concealment of runaway slaves", and that he had then purchased those slaves at reduced prices.

Humphreys' efforts to protect and help the Seminoles made many White settlers his enemies. While Seminoles, despite turning many fugitive slaves in for return to their owners, despaired of recovering their own slaves that had been taken by Whites. White settlers claimed that Humphreys had been remiss in his duty to return fugitive slaves to them. Governor Duval and Humphreys were increasingly at odds over the issue, and Duval stopped communicating with Humphreys. A federal investigation was started, but Humphreys' strongest critics would not testify. The inquiry's main finding was that Humphrey probably had improperly billed the government for improvements to his plantation. In 1828, Duval withheld the government annuity to the Seminoles on the grounds that they had not surrendered all of the fugitive slaves in their custody. Humphreys challenged the withholding of the annuity, and a court ruled that the annuity could not be withheld. Andrew Jackson was elected president of the United States that year, and Duval asked him to remove Humphreys and the judge who had ruled against withholding the annuity. Jackson removed Humphreys from his position in 1830.

Later life

After being dismissed from the post of Indian agent, Humphreys lived as a planter. He worked for a while with John McIntosh on his Oaklands Plantation, and later established his own Pilgrimage Plantation near Micanopy, north of the northern boundary of the reservation, the Indian agency, and Fort King. A number of his slaves fled to the Seminoles in 1830, but were returned to him in 1833. Soon after, however, 25 of those slaves again fled to the Seminoles, and in 1836, after the start of the Second Seminole War, another 34 were captured by the Seminoles. Humphreys later tried to claim his slaves from among the Blacks that were to be sent west with captured and surrendered Seminoles. General Thomas Jesup denied Humphrey's claim on the Blacks because he believed that Humphreys had acquired the slaves illegally. Humphreys had apparently bought all or most of his slaves from Seminoles. Whites had been barred from purchasing slaves from Seminoles, and, while he was Indian agent, Humphreys had been barred from trading with the Seminoles.

Humphreys' plantation was fortified by the Army in June 1836 and named Fort Defiance. The position of the Army in central Florida deteriorated during the summer of 1836. So many soldiers were sick that Fort King was evacuated by early June of that year. Fort Drane, another fortified plantation about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Fort King and less than 10 miles (16 km) from Fort Defiance, was abandoned in early August. Fort Defiance was abandoned later that month, leaving all of Florida south of Newnansville and Black Creek and west of the St. Johns River to the Indians. Fort Defiance, and Humphrey's plantation buildings were burned when the fort was abandoned to deny resources to the Indians. Humphreys later petitioned for compensation for his destroyed property from the U.S. government.

He moved to St. Augustine. He died there in 1859.

Sources

• Covington, James W. (1993). The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1196-5.
• Eby, Cecil D. (October 1962). "Memoir of a West Pointer in Florida: 1825". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 41 (2): 154–164 – via PALMM State University Libraries of Florida.
• Heitman, Francis B. (1903). Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army. Washington: (U.S.) Government Printing Office.
• Klos, George (July 1989). "Blacks and the Seminole Removal Debate, 1821–1835". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 68 (1): 55–78 – via PALMM State University Libraries of Florida.
• Littlefield, Daniel F. Jr. (2001) [1977]. Africans and Seminoles from Removal to Emancipation (Paperback ed.). Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-360-4 – via Google Books.
• Махон, Джон К. (1985) [1967]. История второй войны семинола 1835–1842 (в мягкой обложке изд.). Гейнсвилл, Флорида: университетские прессы Флориды. ISBN  0-8130-1097-7 .
• Отт, Элоиза Р. (июль 1967 г.). «Форт Кинг: краткая история» . Флоридский исторический квартал . 46 (1): 29–38 - Виа Университета штата Палмм Университет Университета штата Флорида.
• Пирси, Мэтью Т. (осень 2006 г.). « Безжалостная рука войны»: Эндрю А. Хамфрис во второй войне в Семиноле » . Флоридский исторический квартал . 85 (2): 125–153 - Ви через Университет государственного университета Палмм Флорида.
• "Гад Хамфрис" . Отчет Палаты представителей, Конгресс США . 29 -й Конгресс, 1 -я сессия (отчет № 203): 1–5. 10 февраля 1846 года - Виа Университета Оклахомы Колледж юридического факультета Digital Commons.

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