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(Перенаправлено из Ванды (орхидея) )
Для других видов использования см. Vanda (устранение неоднозначности) .

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Королевство: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Vandeae
Subtribe: Aeridinae
Genus: Vanda
Gaud. ex Pfitzer
Type species
Vanda roxburghii R.Br.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Ascocentrum Schltr.
  • Euanthe Schltr.
  • Finetia Schltr.
  • Neofinetia Hu
  • Nipponorchis Masam.
  • Eparmatostigma Garay
  • Trudelia Garay
  • × Trudelianda Garay
  • Christensonia Haager
  • Ascocentropsis Senghas & Schildh.
  • Gunnaria S.C.Chen ex Z.J.Liu & L.J.Chen

Ванда , сокращена в садоводческой торговле как В. , [ 3 ] является родом в семействе орхидей , Orchidaceae . Есть 90 видов, [ 2 ] и род обычно выращивается для рынка. Этот род и его союзники считаются одними из наиболее специфически адаптированных из всех орхидей в Orchidaceae. Род высоко ценится в садоводстве за его эффектные, ароматные, долговечные и очень красочные цветы. [ 4 ] Виды Vanda широко распространены по всей Восточной Азии , Юго -Восточной Азии и Новой Гвинее , причем несколько видов простираются в Квинсленд и некоторые острова Западной части Тихого океана . [ 2 ] [ 5 ]

Этимология

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Общее название Ванда получено из санскрита (वन्दाका) [ 6 ] название для вида Vanda roxburghii (синоним ванды Тесселлата ). [ 7 ] [ 8 ]

Распределение

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Эти в основном эпифитные , но иногда литофитные или наземные орхидеи распространяются в Индии , Гималаях , Юго -Восточной Азии , Индонезии , Филиппинах , Новой Гвинее , юге Китая и северной Австралии .

Description

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The genus has a monopodial growth habit with flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap-leaves). Species with cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves, which are adapted to dry periods were transferred to the genus Papilionanthe. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems. The roots have pneumatodes.[9]

The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence. Most show a yellow-brown color with brown markings, but they also appear in white, green, orange, red, and burgundy shades. The lip has a small spur. Vanda species usually bloom every few months and the flowers last for two to three weeks.

Ecology

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Pollination

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Vanda falcata has been reported to be pollinated by several hawkmoth species of the genus Theretra, namely Theretra japonica and Theretra nessus.[10]

Conservation

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Many Vanda orchids (especially V. coerulea) are endangered, and have never been common because they are usually only infrequently encountered in habitat and grow only in disturbed forest areas with high light levels, and are severely threatened and vulnerable to habitat destruction.[4] The export of wild-collected specimens of the blue orchid (V. coerulea) and other wild Vanda species is prohibited worldwide, as all orchids are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Cultivation

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This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family.[citation needed] This has contributed much to the work of hybridists producing flowers for the cut flower market. V. coerulea is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

The color blue is rare among orchids, and only certain species of Thelymitra, a terrestrial species from Australia, produces flowers that are truly "blue" among the orchids. These species, much like Vanda, also have a bluish-purple tint towards the inner petals of the flowers.

Vanda dearei is one of the chief sources of yellow color in Vanda hybrids.

The plants do not possess pseudobulbs, but do possess leathery, drought-resistant leaves. Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive.

These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems. Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate.

When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation. They can be grown out-of-doors in Hawaii and the like provided they are given some shade.

Fungal infections

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Cross section of Vanda stem infected with Fusarium, exhibiting typical purple spotting of vascular tissue

Unfortunately fungal infections are not uncommon in cultivated plants. A variety of phytopathogens may infect Vanda orchids. Vandas may be affected by Fusarium wilt. This disease is characterized by purple discolouration in the vascular tissue, which results in the loss of their function. The hyphae and spores block the conductor vessels. Affected plants may superficially appear healthy, as they continue to grow, the oldest parts of the plants can be affected and the disease will eventually progress throughout the entire plant.[11] If cutting tools are not sterilized the infection may spread to other plants.[12]

Systematics

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In a recent molecular study of the genus Vanda ,[13] several Genera including the former Genus Ascocentrum, Neofinetia and Euanthe were brought into synonym with Vanda.[2]

Species

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The following is a list of Vanda species recognised by Plants of the World Online as of January 2023:[2]

Vanda ampullacea
Vanda Robert's Delight
Vanda tricolor
Vanda falcata
Vanda hindsii by Lewis Roberts
Vanda lamellata
Фото маленькой орхидеи Ванды Гарайи в цвету, изолированная на черном фоне.
Vanda garayi

Natural hybrids

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  • Vanda × boumaniae (V. insignis × V. limbata) (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda × charlesworthii (V. bensonii × V. coerulea) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × confusa (V. coerulescens × V. lilacina) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × hebraica (V. denisoniana × V. brunnea) (Myanmar)[14]

Intergeneric hybrids

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Vanda Pachara Delight
Vanda Robert's Delight 'Crownfox Magic'
Vanda Sansai Blue

The following is a list of hybrid genera (nothogenera) in which hybrids vandas with orchids of other genera are placed although many of these are invalid because of recent taxonomic changes. For instance, × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum x Vanda) and × Vandofinetia (Vanda x Neofinetia) are no longer valid because both Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been reduced to synonyms of Vanda by RHS, which is in charge of the International Orchid Register:

  • × Aeridovanda (Aerides × Vanda)
  • × Aeridovanisia (Aerides × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Alphonsoara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Andrewara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Aranda (Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Ascovandoritis (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Bokchoonara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Bovornara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Burkillara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Charlieara (Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Christieara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Darwinara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Debruyneara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Devereuxara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Eastonara (Ascocentrum × Gastrochilus × Vanda)
  • × Fujiora (Ascocentrum × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Goffara (Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Hawaiiara (Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Hagerara (Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Himoriara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Holttumara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Isaoara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Joannara (Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Kagawara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Knappara (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Knudsonara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Leeara (Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Luisanda (Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Luivanetia (Luisia × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Lewisara (Aerides × Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Maccoyara (Aerides × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Macekara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Micholitzara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Moirara (Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Mokara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Nakamotoara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Nobleara (Aerides × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Okaara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Onoara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Opsisanda (Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pageara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Pantapaara (Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Paulara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Pehara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pereiraara (Aerides × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Phalaerianda (Aerides × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Raganara (Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Ramasamyara (Arachnis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Renafinanda (Neofinetia × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renanda (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renantanda (Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Rhynchovanda (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Ridleyare (Arachnis × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Robinaria (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Ronnyara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sanjumeara (Aerides × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sarcovanda (Sarcochilus × Vanda)
  • × Shigeuraara (Ascocentrum × Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Stamariaara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Sutingara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Teohara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Trevorara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Trichovanda (Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Vascostylis (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandachnis (Arachnis × Vandopsis)
  • × Vancampe (Acampe × Vanda)
  • × Vandachostylis (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaeranthes (Aeranthes × Vanda)
  • × Vandewegheara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinetia (Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinides (Aerides × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandoritis (Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Vanglossum (Ascoglossum × Vanda)
  • × Wilkinsara (Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Yapara (Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Yusofara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Yonezawaara (Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)

References

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  1. ^ Vanda | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved July 1, 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/30077641-2
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Vanda R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b The Orchids, Natural History and Classification, Robert L. Dressler. ISBN 0-674-87526-5
  5. ^ Flora of China v 25 p 471, 万代兰属 wan dai lan shu, Vanda Jones ex R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506. 1820.
  6. ^ vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
  7. ^ Jones D.L.; et al. (2006). "Vanda". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Government. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  8. ^ Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212
  9. ^ Eschrich, W. (1995). Gaswechsel. In Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie (pp. 75-109). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  10. ^ Suetsugu, K., Tanaka, K., Okuyama, Y., & Yukawa, T. (2015). "Potential pollinator of Vanda falcata (Orchidaceae): Theretra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) hawkmoths are visitors of long spurred orchid." European Journal of Entomology, 112(2), 393.
  11. ^ Pedroso-de-Moraes, C., Souza, M. C. D., Ronconi, C. C., & Marteline, M. A. (2011). Response of Cattleya hybrids for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae Foster. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54(2), 267-271.
  12. ^ Reddy, P. P. (2016). Orchids. In Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation (pp. 393-407). Springer, Singapore.
  13. ^ Lim, S. (1999). "RAPD Analysis of Some Species in the GenusVanda(Orchidaceae)". Annals of Botany. 83 (2): 193–196. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0801.
  14. ^ Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.

Further reading

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  • Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
  • Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture. ISBN 0-88192-376-1
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