Большой пламени
| Большой пламени | |
|---|---|
| |
| Мужчина в национальном парке Каенг Крачан , Таиланд | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Picidae |
| Genus: | Chrysocolaptes |
| Species: | C. guttacristatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus (Tickell, 1833)
| |
Большой пламени ( chrysocolaptes guttacristatus ), также известный как Greater Goldenback или золотистого списка , является дятлом большой дятел из . Он широко встречается на северном индийском субконтиненте , на востоке до южного Китая, Малайского полуострова , Суматры , Западной и Центральной Явы и Северо -Восточного Борнео .
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Было предложено разделить больший пламени на следующие виды: [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
- Большой Flameback, ( C. guttacristatus ) ( C. lucidus, если он взят в группу, а не разделен)
- Пламени с малиновом , ( C. stricklandi ) Шри-Ланка
- Javan Flameback ( C. strictus ) Восточных Явов , Бали и Кангинских островов
- Luzon Flameback ( C. haematribon ) из Лусона, Полильо, Катандуанов и Мариндук на северных Филиппинах
- Желтофленый Flameback ( C. xantethocelus ) Негров, Гимарас, Панай, Масбат и Тикао, Филиппинские острова, Филиппинские острова
- Buff-spotted flameback (C. lucidus) of Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Biliran, Panaon, Mindando, Basilan, and Samal, Philippine Islands
- Red-headed flameback (C. erythrocephalus) of Balabac, Palawan, Busuanga, and Calamian, Philippine Islands
- Malabar flameback (C. socialis) of southwestern India
Description
[edit]
The greater flameback is a large woodpecker, at 33 cm in length. It is of typical woodpecker shape, and has an erect crest and a long neck. Coloration is highly variable between subspecies; it always has unmarked golden-yellow to dark brown back and wings. The rump is red and the tail is black. The underparts are white with dark markings (chevrons, stripes, or bands), or light brown. The head is whitish with a black pattern, or it is yellow, brown, or red. The straight-pointed bill is longer than the head, and the legs have four-toed zygodactyl feet (two toes pointing forward, two backward) and are lead-grey in color. The eyes' irises are whitish to yellow.[4][5]
The adult male greater flameback always has a red crown. Females have a crown color varying between subspecies, such as black spotted with white, yellow, or brown with lighter dots. Young birds are like the females, but duller, with brown irises.[4]
Similar species
[edit]White-and-black-headed greater flameback subspecies resemble some of the three-toed Dinopium flamebacks, but are not particularly closely related. Unlike the black-rumped flameback (D. benghalense) and the common flameback (D. javanense), the greater flameback's dark moustache stripes are divided by white (making them inconspicuous at a distance); except in C. stricklandi, their hindneck is white (not black), and even in the Sri Lankan birds, the dark colour does not extend to between the shoulders as it does in Dinopium; consequently, when seen from behind, the black-and-white-headed greater flamebacks outside Sri Lanka show a white neck bordered with black on the sides, while the Dinopium species have a black neck and upper back, with thin, white borders to the neck. Those flamebacks are also smaller (though this is only reliable in direct comparison), have a bill that is shorter than the head, and dark irises.[4][5]
Behaviour and ecology
[edit]This flameback is a species associated with a diversity of rather open forest habitat, such as found in the foothills of the Himalayas or in the Western Ghats; it also inhabits mangrove forest. It seems to be well-adapted to particular forest types, while the similar-looking common flameback (Dinopium javanense) is more of a generalist; thus, depending on what forests predominate in a region, C. lucidus may be more (e.g. in Thailand) or less common (e.g. in peninsular Malaysia) than D. javanense. In Malaysian mangrove forest, for example, the greater flameback has been found to prefer tall Avicennia alba for foraging, while the common flameback rather indiscriminately uses that species, as well as Bruguiera parviflora and Sonneratia alba.[4][5]
Like other woodpeckers, the greater flameback uses its bill to dig out food from trees, and its zygodactyl feet and stiff tail to provide support against tree trunks. The long tongue can be darted forward to extract wood-boring arthropod prey; while mainly feeding on small invertebrates, greater flamebacks also drink nectar. They nest in tree holes, laying three or four white eggs.[5]
Conservation
[edit]Widely distributed and common in parts of its range, the greater flameback is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List.[1]
Evolution
[edit]Convergent evolution in plumage between a larger and a smaller species is found among other woodpeckers, such as the North American downy woodpecker ("Picoides" pubescens) and hairy woodpecker ("P." villosus), the tropical American smoky-brown woodpecker ("P." fumigatus) and certain Veniliornis species, or the striped woodpecker (V. lignarius) and checkered woodpecker (V. mixtus), and some South American Piculus and "Picoides". In all of these cases, these birds are neither gregarious nor known to be bad-tasting, and due to their size difference and habitat preferences, do not compete much; hence the usual reasons for mimicry do not seem to apply. While the similar plumage may be due to sheer chance, perhaps as an atavism of plesiomorphic pattern, the facts that such cases are commonplace in the Picinae and that the species involved are usually sympatric suggests that some as yet undiscovered may benefit either some or all of the taxa involved.[6][7]
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный BirdLife International (2016). " Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus " . МСОП красный список угрожаемых видов . 2016 : E.T22726548A94924862. doi : 10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22726548a94924862.en . Получено 12 ноября 2021 года .
- ^ Воротник, Нью -Джерси (2011). «Виды ограничивают у некоторых филиппинских птиц, включая большую пламенную Chrysocolaptes lucidus ». Виктейл . 27 : 29–38.
- ^ Абхирам, C.; Ниранджана, C.; Praven, J. (2021). «Анализ большего пламени Chrysocolaptes guttactus, обозначенные профессионализациями и биогеографические последствия» (PDF ) Индийские птицы 17 (5): 129–1
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в дюймовый Носке, Р.А. (1991). «Идентификация поля и экология большего Goldenback Chrysocolaptes lucidus в Малайзии» (PDF) . Виктейл . 6 : 72–74. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 11 октября 2008 года.
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в дюймовый Гримметт, Р.; Inskipp, C.; Inskipp, T. & Byers, C. (1999). Птицы Индии, Пакистан, Непал, Бангладеш, Бутан, Шри -Ланка и Мальдивы . Принстон, Нью -Джерси: издательство Принстонского университета. ISBN 0-691-04910-6 .
- ^ Weibel, AC & Moore, WS (2005). «Конвергенция оперения у пикоидов дятлов на основе молекулярной филогения, с акцентом на сходимость в пухлых и волосатых дятлах» . Кондор . 107 (4): 797–809. doi : 10.1650/7858.1 . S2CID 14850891 .
- ^ Мур, WS; Weibel, AC & Agius, A. (2006). «Митохондриальная ДНК -филогения рода дятла Veniliornis (Picidae, Picinae) и родственные роды подразумевают конвергентную эволюцию паттернов оперения» (PDF) . Биологический журнал Линневого общества . 87 (4): 611–624. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x . S2CID 36567740 .
- Расмуссен, Памела С. и Андертон, Джон С. (2005): Птицы Южной Азии - Гид Рипли . Линкс Эдиции, Барселона. ISBN 84-87334-67-9
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
СМИ, связанные с Chrysocolaptes guttactitus в Wikimedia Commons