Мартин Энрикес де Альманза
![]() | Эта статья включает в себя список ссылок , связанных счетов или внешних ссылок , но ее источники остаются неясными, потому что в ней не хватает встроенных цитат . ( Январь 2011 ) |
Мартин Энрикес де Альманза | |
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4th Viceroy of New Spain | |
In office November 5, 1568 – October 3, 1580 | |
Monarch | Philip II |
Preceded by | Gastón de Peralta, 3rd Marquess of Falces |
Succeeded by | Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, 4th Count of La Coruña |
6th Viceroy of Peru | |
In office September 23, 1581 – March 13, 1583 | |
Monarch | Charles I of Spain |
Preceded by | Francisco de Toledo |
Succeeded by | Fernando Torres de Portugal y Mesía |
Personal details | |
Born | Martín Enríquez de Almanza y Ulloa Toro, Zamora Spain |
Died | March 13, 1583 Lima, Viceroyalty of Peru |
Signature | ![]() |
Мартин Энринкес де Альманза ок ( и Уллоа в умер .
Как и многие из ранних вице -короков Новой Испании, Альманза был из Королевского наследия. Он был членом Дома Энринкееса , одной из четырех кадетских филиалов Дома Бургундии , правящей династии в Кастилии , но никогда не унаследовал титул.
Enríquez was 60 when he was appointed viceroy in New Spain. He brought strength and stability in the wake of the encomenderos' conspiracy of the son of conqueror Hernán Cortés, Don Martín Cortés and other encomenderos who challenged the crown's power. He was subsequently viceroy of Peru, from September 23, 1581 until his death in 1583, a post he reluctantly accepted at age 72.[1] He was a very able administrator in Mexico, asserting crown control, and effective in establishing defenses against northern natives who threatened the vital link between the silver mines in north and Mexico's center.[2]
Early years
[edit]Born Martín Enríquez de Almanza y Ulloa, his father was Francisco Enríquez de Almanza, 1st Marquess of Alcañices, great-great-grandchild of Infante Fadrique Alfonso of Castile, an illegitimate child of Alfonso XI of Castile. His mother was Isabel de Ulloa y Castilla, also a Castilian royal on her mother's side.
Government and actions
[edit]Having been chosen by the Council of the Indies (Consejo de Indias) as viceroy, his first actions upon arrival in New Spain, at Veracruz, were to dislodge the English pirates from the Isla de Sacrificios, a base they had been using to raid the coast and Spanish shipping. When he arrived in Mexico City, he immediately took steps to end the turmoil left by the former president of the Real Audiencia, Alonso Muñoz.

Enríquez de Almanza also acted as a mediator between the bishops and the religious orders operating in New Spain. The dispute between these two religious groups dated from the viceroyalty of Gastón de Peralta, 3rd Marquis of Falces, when a royal disposition stipulated that the administration of the parishes was the responsibility of the secular clergy, obliging friars, nuns and members of the regular clergy to retreat to convents. The regular clergy refused to obey this disposition, beginning the conflict. The Franciscans threatened to abandon the city, and in fact began a march to Veracruz. They were threatened by Indians and ordered to return by the viceroy. After receiving some concessions, they returned to Mexico City.
In 1570 the viceroy personally led an expedition against the Indian tribes that had been devastating the interior, but he did not give into demand for total war against the Chichimeca.[3] He established presidios at Ojuelos and Portezuelos, on the road to Zacatecas. He founded the Villa de San Felipe (Guanajuato) and many other towns and villages, as well as colleges and convents. In 1573 he began the construction of the Cathedral of Mexico City.
Enríquez brought medical attention to the unprotected and helped those in critical conditions. He established hospitals in the city to treat the victims of a terrible epidemic (thought to be chicken pox or varicella) that left 3,000 people dead. He published regulations in which the social protection of the Indians was guaranteed against their Spanish patrons, and a fair salary was assured for those who worked as peasants and farmers.
Establishment of the Inquisition in New Spain
[edit]During the government of Enríquez de Almanza, the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio) was formally established in New Spain; it was simultaneously established in Peru. Pedro Moya de Contreras, the first inquisitor in New Spain, arrived in 1571. Composed of a group of high-ranking bishops and sometimes led by the archbishop of Mexico City, the Inquisition had special instructions to oversee and control the religious practices of Spaniards and non-indigenous residents in the territory, and to eradicate any crypto-Jewish communities (judaizantes), as well as any Protestants. Indians were excluded from its jurisdiction.
This religious court became quite active. The first to be tried by the Inquisition in the Indies were two Englishmen and an Irishman, burnt at the stake in Mexico City April 15, 1574 for "Lutheran heresies". An estimated 200 people were tried in 1574, the year in which the first Autos de Fe were held. Most of these 200 people were burnt alive in public plazas or tortured to death in secret dungeons, both scattered throughout what is now downtown Mexico City.[4] The viceroy was required to attend these ceremonies. [citation needed]

Viceroy of Peru
[edit]Король Филипп II из Испании получил выдающиеся комментарии об этом наместнике, и он знал об очевидных улучшениях, сделанных во время его администрации. В знак признания его труда он был назначен наместником Перу , Перу был более богатой колонией. Энрикес де Альманза отплыл из порта Акапулько в Тихом океане в 1580 году. Он умер в Лиме , Перу, в 1583 году, все еще в офисе. Аудиенция управляла новой Испанией до прибытия следующего вице -короля, Лоренцо Суареса де Мендоса, 4 -й Конде де ла Корунья .
В Лиме люди знали его как Эль -Готозо ( облог ) из -за его плохого здоровья. Он не смог достичь того, как вице -король Перу и умер через три года, так что он, таким образом, не учитывается среди великих наместников. Однако в Новой Испании, где он работал 12 лет в качестве вице -короля, его считали «мудрым администратором; ему обычно приписывают, что он поднял престиж офиса наместника». [ 5 ]
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Стаффорд Пул , "Мартин Энринкес де Алманса" в энциклопедии латиноамериканской истории и культуры , вып. 2, с. 500. Нью -Йорк: сыновья Чарльза Скрибнера 1996.
- ^ Паркер, Джеффри. Филипп II Четвертое издание. Чикаго: Открытый суд 2002, с. 113–114.
- ^ Пул, «Мартин Энрикес из Германии», с. 500.
- ^ Леа, Генри Чарльз (1908). Инквизиция в испанских зависимостях: Силиси - Неаполь - Сардиния - Милан - Канарские острова - Мексика - Перу - Новая Гранада . Макмиллан. С. 205–206 .
- ^ Пул, "Мартин Энрикес из Алманса". п. 500.
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- Пауэлл, Филипп Уэйн (1957). «Портрет американского наместника: Мартин Энринкез, 1568–1583» . Америка . 14 (1): 1–24. doi : 10.2307/979116 . ISSN 0003-1615 . JSTOR 979116 . S2CID 143513077 .
- (По-испански) Гарсия-Абасола Гонсалес, Антонио Ф. Мартин Энрикес и реформа 1568 года в Нью-Испании . 1983.
- (На испанском) «Муниципалитеты штата Пуэбла». Сбор муниципалитетов Объединенных мексиканских штатов . Мехико: CEDEMUN - SEGOB, 1985.
- (На испанском) Гарсия Пурон, Мануэль, Мексика и ее правители . Мехико: Хоакин Порруа, 1984.
- (По -испански) Орозко Линарес, Фернандо, правители Мексики . Мехико: редакционная панорама, 1985, ISBN 968-38-0260-5 .
- (на испанском) Rosas, Alejandro, et al. История Мексики через своих правителей 1 -е изд. Мехико: планета, 2003.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]