Банальный
Baucent ( Bauceant, Baussant и т. Д.) Был название военного флага ( Vexillum belli ), используемого тамплиером рыцарей в 12 и 13 веках.
Описание
[ редактировать ]Источники 13-го века показывают это как белый гонфанон с черным вождем ( аргент, главный соболь ). [ 1 ] Жак де Виттри , пишущий в 1220 -х годах, упоминает о Гонфаноне и объясняет, что черно -белые цвета символизируют Свиретность тамплиера по отношению к их врагам и их доброте по отношению к своим друзьям. [ 2 ] Похоже, что позже в 13 -м веке Красный Крест тамплиера может быть добавлен к баннеру. В поврежденной фреске конца 13 -го века в церкви тамплиеров Сан -Бевинат , Перуджа , знамя тамплиеров изображено с верхней половиной в белом и нижней половине в черном, с котлетом Красного Креста , прикрепленным к белому поле. В той же фреске также показана щит и конные покрытия в том же дизайне.
Нами
[ редактировать ]Название Baucent (также написано Bausent, Bauceant, Baussant, Boussant, Beausant и т. Д. [ 3 ] ) По происхождению находится старый французский термин для верховой лошади. [ 4 ] Название было позже приближено к французскому биенскому , что означает «приличное, становится». Название также использовалось в крика боевого качестве Beauséant à la rescousse! (Французский для «Для меня, хорошего сира! Боузеант на помощь»). [ 3 ]
Regulations of use
[edit]According to the statutes of the order as edited by Münter (1794), each squadron (eschielle) of the order had its own banner. In battle, the banner-bearer was obliged to avoid direct contact with the enemy, and between five and ten brothers were specifically charged with guarding the banner. If any brother were to find himself separated from his banner, he was obliged to try to reach the nearest Christian banner in the field. No brother was permitted, on pain of expulsion from the order, to leave the field of battle as long as at least one banner of the order was still flying. If all of the Templars' banners had been lost, the men were expected to flock to the nearest banner of the Hospitallers, or any other Christian banner still flying. Only after the last Christian banner had fallen were they permitted to think about saving their own lives.[5]
Use by others
[edit]After the dissolution of the order, the Freemasons adopted the banner.[6] It has also been noted that, according to a medieval legend, Alexander the Great was said to have had a similar banner with miraculous powers.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "the Knights Templar [...] carried white shields with red crosses but [their] sacred banner, Beauséant, was white with a black chief" "Flags and standards", Colum Hourihane (ed.), The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture, Volume 1 (2012), p. 514.
- ^ ed. F. Moschi (1596), p. 118: vexillum bipartitum ex albo & nigro, quod nominant bauceant, praevium habentes: eo quod Christi amicis candidi sunt, & benigni: nigri autem & terribiles inimicis. ; trans. Aubrey Stewart, The history of Jerusalem, A.D. 1180, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (1896), p. 52.: "They were lions in war, and gentle as lambs at home; in the field they were fierce soldiers, in church they were like hermits and monks; they were harsh and savage to the enemies of Christ, but kindly and gracious to Christians. They had a black and white banner, which they called Bauceant, borne before them, signifying that they are fair and kindly to their friends, but black and terrible to their enemies." c.f. Archibald Barrington, A Familiar Introduction to Heraldry (1848), p. 121.
- ^ Jump up to: a b D. H. Wolf, Internationales Templerlexikon (2015), 130f.
- ^ Frédéric Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancien et moyen français (1881), s.v. BAUCENT; BAUCENC, Dictionnaire du Moyen Français; BAUCENC, Dictionnaire Électronique de Chrétien de Troyes. The word is believed to be derived from Latin balteus "belt, girdle", via balc plus addition of an adjectival suffix.
- ^ *Konrad Schottmüller, Der Untergang des Templer-ordens: Mit urkundlichen und kritischen Beiträgen (1887), 74–78, citing Friedrich Münter, Statutenbuch des Ordens der Tempelherren (1794).
- ^ Albert Mackey, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry (1873), s.v. "Beauseant".
- ^ Gustav Weil, Biblische legenden der muselmänner, English translation 1863, p. 70: "Alexander was the lord of light and darkness, when he went out with his army the light was before him, and behind him was the darkness, so that he was secure against all ambuscades; and by means of a miraculous white and black standard he had also the power to transform the clearest day into midnight and darkness, or black night into noonday, just as he unfurled the one or the other. Thus he was unconquerable, since he rendered his troops invisible at his pleasure, and came down suddenly upon his foes. Might there not have been some connection between the mythical white and black standard of Alexander and the Beauseant of the Templars? We know that the latter were familiar with Oriental symbolism."