Мерцающий человек
Мерцающий человек (также переводится как «мерцающий человек»; ирландское : страх fannléis ) было несколько уничижительным именем, неофициально, но почти повсеместно применявшимся к инспекторам, которые работали в Альянсе и Дублинской потребительской газовой компании , Коркской газовой потребительской компании и других компании-поставщики в небольших городах и населенных пунктах Ирландии для обнаружения использования газа в ограниченные периоды в годы чрезвычайного положения в Ирландии с марта 1942 года. [ 1 ] а в некоторых местах даже в 1947 году. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Этот термин произошел от копий рекламных объявлений, опубликованных в средствах массовой информации и на плакатах, призывающих население не тратить газ ... ни малейшего намека. [ нужна ссылка ]
Ирландия обладает незначительными местными запасами угля, а добыча газа зависела от импорта угля, который был строго ограничен в результате войны в Европе . В выдержке из письма говорится, что это был «резкий топливный голод». [ 4 ]
Ограничения
[ редактировать ]Notwithstanding attempts by the Emergency Scientific Research Bureau to manufacture gas from bog peat, imports of suitable coal and therefore gas production fell dramatically and initially its use for home heating was prohibited. In March 1942 the supply in Dublin was cut to 10 hours per day during the week and 11 on Sundays but this only reduced usage by about a quarter. In May the supply was further reduced to 5.5 hours per day and the gas supply companies changed their terms of supply to make the use of gas in "off hours" a breach of contract.[1] The off hours were popularly referred to as the "glimmer hours."[5]
Deprivation
[edit]The reductions in supply caused great privation as a large proportion of the population (particularly in the cities and towns) were dependent on gas for heat, cooking and lighting. As there were no readily available alternative sources of fuel, especially for cooking, people were reduced, if they could, to using the residual gas left in the pipes after the reticulated mains supply had been turned off at the gasworks.[3] By 1943, the Dublin Gas Company were running advertisements describing the glimmer man as "a public benefactor […] Don't blame or hinder him in carrying out his duty."[6]
Eventually the supply was so restricted that by April 1944 the Minister for Supplies, Seán Lemass was threatening[7] to make a special Emergency Powers Order to officially ration the supply to dwellings and businesses to certain hours of the day and make it a criminal offence to use gas in the "off hours". However that threat was apparently never carried out.[8]
One of the effects of the restrictions was that the smaller supply companies closed or attempted to maintain supply using gas derived from peat and charcoal.[9][10]
Powers
[edit]The gas companies' officials were empowered under their supply contract with their customers to enter premises to carry out their inspections and if they detected anyone using gas outside the permitted hours could disconnect the premises from the mains supply.[11][12][13][14][15]
However, some Dublin residents, such as students at Trinity College, Dublin were apparently immune from the inspectors' visits.[16] This immunity may also have been due to the small numbers of inspectors employed - perhaps only two or three for the whole of Dublin.[17]
Reputation
[edit]The inspectors were reputed to be particularly intrusive when carrying out their duties as evidenced by the Phil Chevron lyric in "Faithful Departed" which suggests that in addition to the "boogie man", one can be "Rattled by the glimmer man" in the sense of being alarmed by their anticipated arrival.[18]
Historiography
[edit]In the 21st century doubt has been cast on whether in fact there were ever house to house inspections carried out by gas supply company officials.[19] But one oral history[20] graphically describes a glimmer man's inspections He came to our house I think about twice. He came at a very civil time of the day, when there nothing doing, you know? ... When he came into our house he put his hands over the thing and put powder on it then… with the powder, I don't know what time it would have to be since they were on, but he'd put the powder on, but we never got in any trouble over it. After a while everybody got to know them (laughs) "it's the glimmerman" and you'd be pouring water over it. Another writer describes the tribulations of a neighbouring widow to get reconnected and the lengths his mother went to avoid being detected using "the glimmer" but concedes that his house never received a visit.[21] On the other hand, Irish secondary school history students are expected to have a knowledge of the topic and be able to comment on its significance.[22]
The Irish Times also mentions the glimmerman in several Emergency-era issues (1942–45), including a robbery of a shop by a man pretending to be the glimmerman;[23] a lengthy piece on the topic by Myles na gCopaleen;[24] and a piece on children's street songs, in which glimmer men appeared among the subjects with Queen Caroline and Alfie Byrne.[25]
Legacy
[edit]Notwithstanding that the phenomenon of the glimmer man was transitory, perhaps much improved with the telling, and had in any event disappeared prior to the middle of the 20th century, it appears to have left an impact on the psyche of the Irish and not just those who lived through the Emergency period.[26] The glimmer man is frequently referred to (as referenced here) in formal histories, blogs and websites[27] newspaper and magazine articles, as well as oral histories and memoirs even if only in passing.[original research?]
The impact is however most pronounced on those who did have direct experience such that the poet Paul Perry in The gas stove and the glimmerman describes[28] how the memory is as significant to an old woman as that of the politician Éamon de Valera:
‘She’s gas; her eyes hold the best
part of the century. She’ll tell you about the Black ‘n Tans,
Dev, the gas stove and the glimmerman.
May the Glimmerman never return.
— from "Of The Gas Stove and the Glimmerman" by Paul Perry in The Drowning of the Saints, Salmon Poetry (2003)[29]
The term is now applied metaphorically, particularly in Ireland, to any perceived intrusion into privacy (especially of a bureaucratic nature).[30][31][32]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Lemass, Seán (19 May 1942). "Adjournment Debate – Dublin Gas Restrictions". Parliamentary Debates. 86. Dáil Éireann. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- ^ Murray, Niall (15 June 2005). "Heroes, genetics and glimmer man as options open". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
The only problem he cited was a short question about a glimmer man, a gas inspector during the 'emergency' in Ireland, a job many students would not be familiar with.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Crooks, Monica (2006). Voices in the Wind. Oxford: Trafford Publishing. pp. 60–62. ISBN 1-4122-4173-1.
- ^ Trench, Paddy (December 1942). "International Notes: Ireland". Extract from letter from Dublin [signed by Paddy Trench], dated August 21, 1942. Fourth International. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2009. The town gas supply depends on imported coal, and has been very drastically cut down.... There is a drastic fuel famine.
- ^ The Irish Times (Tuesday, 18 May 1943), page 3.
- ^ The Irish Times (Tuesday, 2 November 1943), page 2.
- ^ Lemass, Sean (19 April 1944). "Adjournment Debate – Coal for Dublin Gas Company". Parliamentary Debates. 93. Dáil Éireann. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
- ^ Somerville-Large, Peter; Mark Fiennes (1999). Irish Voices: Fifty Years of Irish Life, 1916–1966. Chatto & Windus. p. 226. ISBN 0-7011-6866-8.
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (1997). A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 0-7190-4584-3.
- ^ Ó Drisceoil, Donal (1996). Censorship in Ireland, 1939–1945: Neutrality, Politics and Society. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 1-85918-074-4.
- ^ Dayman, Eddie. "The Second World War years". Parish History. Parish of Our Lady of Good Counsel – Mourne Road, Drimnagh. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014. ...Gas could be used only on certain hours of the day and hence the arrival of the Glimmer man. If he knocked at the door and found you using the gas outside of the permitted hours he could get the gas turned off so everybody would be on the look out for him.
- ^ Ni Ghiolla, Clara (2008). "Neutral Ireland". WW2 People's War. BBC. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
- ^ Curtin, Valerie (June 1998). "The Emergency" (PDF). The Archive – Journal of the Northside Folklore Project. 1 (2). Northside Community Enterprises Ltd., Cork: 11–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2005. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ Solomons, Michael (1993). "Pro Life? The Irish Question p. 4". Publications & Reports. IFPA. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016. While it was possible to use the minimal supply remaining in the pipes, the family ran the risk of being caught by the 'glimmer man' an inspector who had the right to call at random and disconnect the gas if he found evidence that they had been breaking the law.
- ^ O'Flaherty, Ken (2001). "Looking Back – Dr Ken O'Flaherty MB BCh BAO '52 recalls the Blizzard of '47". UCD Connections. 7 (Autumn/Winter): 39–41. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ Sowby, David (2009). "Memories of two medical schools 1944–1951". 300 Years of Excellence. Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2009. No glimmer-man ever dared to enter Trinity, and as the glimmer at the top floor of Number 2 was almost as good as the real thing, I was never without a bit of gas.
- ^ Doyle, Roddy (2008). Rory & Ita. Random House. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4070-1789-1.
...there were only two or three glimmer men for the whole of Dublin
- ^ Moore, Christy. "Faithful Departed". Lyrics. Christy Moore. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
- ^ Cowley, Jerry (8 February 2006). "Joint Committee on Transport – Road Safety Presentation". Parliamentary Debates. 71. Dáil Éireann: 4. Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
- ^ Redmond, Marc (2010). "Olive and Noel's Story". North Strand Bombing 1941. Dublin City Archives. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Farrelley, Ronnie (17 September 2004). "Here comes the Glimmer Man". Ireland's Own. Independent News and Media. p. 34.
- ^ "Junior Certificate Examination 2005" (PDF). Chief Examiner's Report. State Examinations Commission. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2009. responses to Question 1 (a) showed that many candidates were not familiar with the wartime rationing official known as the glimmer man. Page 16
- ^ The Irish Times (Tuesday, 18 May 1943), page 3.
- ^ The Irish Times (Saturday, 5 December 1942), page 3.
- ^ The Irish Times (Saturday, 16 October 1943), page 3.
- ^ O'Halpin, Eunan (2000). Defending Ireland. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-19-924269-6.
- ^ «Лаймовый мармелад» . Блог Раджа . 24 сентября 2008 г. Архивировано из оригинала 9 апреля 2009 г. Проверено 20 марта 2009 г. Мне нравилось слушать о старых деньгах, мерцающем человеке, о детстве моего отца или о ее молодости, когда она переехала на Касл-авеню в Клонтарфе...
- ^ Перри, Пол (1 ноября 2003 г.). «О газовой плите и мерцающем человеке». Потопление святых . Скалы Мохер, графство Клэр, Ирландия: Поэзия лосося. п. 18. ISBN 1-903392-34-9 . Архивировано из оригинала 17 октября 2013 года . Проверено 1 апреля 2012 г.
- ^ Статья Шона О Лауара «Зеленая энергия» в Irish Arts Review [1]. Архивировано 18 сентября 2021 года в Wayback Machine.
- ^ О'Флинн, сенатор (11 ноября 1999 г.). «Законопроект об авторском праве и смежных правах, 1999 г., Шонад: второй этап» . Парламентские дебаты . 510 . Дайль Эйрианн . Архивировано из оригинала 7 июня 2011 года . Проверено 7 января 2009 г.
- ^ Линч, Эндрю (9 октября 2008 г.). «Боже мой, Боже мой, Тревор считает, что мы недостаточно умны» . Вечерний Вестник . Архивировано из оригинала 12 сентября 2012 года . Проверено 9 января 2009 г.
- ^ Уолли, Эрни (11 июня 2009 г.). «Прекрасная Франция» . Вечерний Вестник . Архивировано из оригинала 3 июня 2012 года . Проверено 27 июня 2009 г.
Крошечного водоема на холмах было недостаточно для нужд города, поэтому каждое лето привозил местный эквивалент мерцающего человека, чтобы убедиться, что никто не поливает их сад...