Пингали Венкайя
Пингали Венкайя | |
|---|---|
 Венкайя на марок Индии 2009 года | |
| Рожденный | 2 августа 1876/8 |
| Умер | 4 июля 1963 г. (в возрасте 84 или 86 лет) Индия |
| Другие имена | Алмаз Венкайя Патти Венкайя |
| Known for | Design of Indian National Flag |
| Spouse | Rukminamma |
Пингали Венкайя (2 августа 1876 г. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] 4 июля 1963 г.) был индийским борцом за свободу. Он был дизайнером флага, на котором первоначальный индийский национальный флаг . основывался [ 3 ] Он также был лектором , автором, геологом , педагогом, сельским хозяйством и полиглотом . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
В возрасте 19 лет Венкайя поступила в британскую индийскую армию и была развернута в Южной Африке во время Второй бурской войны (1899–1902). Во время войны, когда солдаты должны были приветствовать Юнион Джек , национальный флаг Британии, Венкайя осознал необходимость иметь флаг для индейцев. [ 6 ] Когда Венкайя присутствовал на сессии AICC в 1906 году в Калькутте , он был вдохновлен создать флаг для Индийского национального конгресса , когда он выступил против идеи поднять британский флаг на собраниях Конгресса. [ 2 ]
Various flags had been used by members of the Indian independence movement before independence was achieved in 1947. Pingali Venkayya designed the National Flag and presented it to Mahatma Gandhi during the latter's visit to Vijayawada on 1 April 1921.[7][8][9] Venkayya's first draft of the flag was in red and green — the red representing Hindus and green the Muslims living in the country. On Gandhi's suggestion, Venkayya added a white stripe to represent all other denominations and religions present in India.[6] Since 1921, Venkayya's flag has been used informally at all Congress meetings. The flag was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947.[2][6][7] Пингали Венкия училась в индуистской средней школе в Мачилипатнаме Андхра -Прадеш
Venkayya was an agriculturist, as well as an educationist who set up an educational institution in Machilipatnam. He died in relative poverty in 1963 and was largely forgotten by society.[4][6] A postage stamp was issued to commemorate him in 2009. In 2012, his name was proposed for a posthumous Bharat Ratna though there has been no response from the central government on the proposal.[2][6]
Early life
[edit]Pingali Venkayya was born on 2 August 1876 or 1878 at Bhatlapenumarru, near Machilipatnam, in what is now the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[2][5][10] His parents were Hanumantha Rayudu and Venkata Ratnam. He studied at the Hindu High School in Machilipatnam, but also spent his childhood in various places in the Krishna district like Yarlagadda and Pedakallepalli. He married Rukminamma, the daughter of the Karanam of Pamarru village.[11]
At the age of 19, he enrolled in the British Indian Army and was deployed to South Africa during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), where he met Gandhi for the first time.[2] It was during the war when the soldiers had to salute the Union Jack, the national flag of Britain, that Venkayya realised the need for having a flag for Indians.[6][11]
Career
[edit]Venkayya earned a diploma in Geology from the Madras Presidency College. From 1911–1944, he worked as a lecturer at the Andhra National College in Machilipatnam. From 1924 to 1944, he researched mica in Nellore. He also authored a book titled 'Thalli Raayi' on geology.[12]
Venkayya was also popularly nicknamed 'Diamond Venkayya', as he was an expert in diamond mining. He was also called 'Patti Venkayya' (Cotton Venkayya), because he dedicated most of his time to researching staple varieties of cotton and did a detailed study on a variety called Cambodia Cotton.[5][13] He was a polyglot who was proficient in many languages including Japanese and Urdu.[5][6] He delivered a full-length speech in Japanese at a school in Bapatla in 1913. From then, he also came to be referred to as 'Japan Venkayya'.[13][14]
Design of National Flag
[edit]
When Venkayya attended the All India Congress Committee (AICC) session in 1906 in Calcutta under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji, he was inspired to design a flag for the Indian National Congress as he opposed the idea of hoisting the British flag at Congress meetings.[2] Venkayya worked on potential designs that could be used as flags for the newly coined Swaraj movement to signify independence. There were over 25 drafts of the flags with different significance and relations with Indian culture, heritage and history. In 1916, he published a book titled Bharatha Desaniki Oka Jatiya Patakam (transl. A National Flag for India) with 30 potential designs for a flag.[12][14] From 1918 to 1921, he proposed various ideas to the Congress leadership while also working at the Andhra National College in Machilipatnam.[1][2][6]
In 1921, the AICC held its two-day crucial session in Bezawada (now Vijayawada) on March 31 and April 1.[16][17] When Gandhi asked Venkayya to submit a design for the flag at the session, he did it within three hours. Venkayya had shown Gandhi a rudimentary design of a flag on a Khadi bunting. This first flag was coloured red and green — the red representing Hindus and the green representing Muslims in the country. On Gandhi's suggestion, Venkayya added a white stripe to represent all the other denominations and religions present in the country. While the flag was not officially adopted by the AICC, which reordered the stripes and changed the red to orange in 1931, it came to be used across the country. Since 1921, Venkayya's flag has been used informally at all Congress meetings. The flag was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947, twenty days before India's Independence.[2][6][7][11][18]
Death and legacy
[edit]
Venkayya lived humbly according to Gandhian ideologies and died in 1963. Venkayya's daughter Ghantasala Seetha Mahalakshmi passed away on 21 July 2022 at the age of 100.[19][20]
A postage stamp to commemorate Venkayya and the first flag was issued in 2009.[2] The Vijayawada station of All India Radio was named after him in 2014.[13][14] In 2012, his name was proposed for a posthumous Bharat Ratna though there has been no response from the central government on the proposal.[4][6]
In 1995, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh N. T. Rama Rao commissioned a statue of Venkayya – one among the 31 state icons – at Tank Bund Road in Hyderabad.[19] In January 2015, a statue of him was unveiled by the then Urban Development Minister Venkaiah Naidu, in the forelawns of the All India Radio building in Vijayawada.[5] Several statues of Venkayya have been built all over Andhra Pradesh.
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b "Who is Pingali Venkayya? Remembering the architect of India's national flag". India Today. 2 August 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Pingali Venkayya, the man behind Tricolour, struggled to make ends meet and died penniless in 1963". The Economic Times. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ Dasgupta, Reshmi (9 August 2022). "Who designed the National Flag: Nehru's friend or Gandhi's follower?". Firstpost. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mellymaitreyi, M. L. (18 November 2012). "State recommends Bharat Ratna for Pingali Venkayya". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Archana, K. C. (2 August 2015). "A salute to the man who designed the Tricolour: Pingali Venkayya". India Today. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Pingali Venkayya — the man behind the Indian Tricolour". CNBCTV18. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Акбар, Сайед (31 марта 2021 года). «В этот день, 100 лет назад, был представлен первый проект национального флага» . The Times of India . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ «Главный министр Андхра ищет премию Бхарат Ратна для дизайнера индийского флага» . Ndtv.com. 13 марта 2021 года . Получено 13 марта 2021 года .
- ^ Chronicle, Deccan (15 августа 2019 г.). «Мохандас Карамчанд Ганди визит Виджаявада» . Deccan Chronicle . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ «Bhatlapenumarru вспоминает своего сына, который разработал национальный флаг» . Ганс Индия . 7 августа 2022 года . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Ch, Кишор (1 августа 2022 г.). «Расстроен ... Национальный флаг был сжат, а флаг Свараджа был создан» . Самаям (в телугу) . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный GVN, Appa Rao (1 августа 2022 г.). «Национальный флаг Пингали Венкайя. Национальный флаг -дизайнер индийского самооценка» . Самаям (в телугу) . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в «Он умер забытым человеком, но Пингали Венкайя живет вечно в триколоре» . Zee News . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в «Печал в историю: кто такой Пингали Венкайя, человек, который разработал национальный флаг Индии?» Полем FirstPost . 2 августа 2022 года . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ Рой 2006 , с. 504
- ^ Акбар, Сайед (31 марта 2021 года). «100 лет проекта дизайна индийского национального флага» . The Times of India . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ «Ганди и его многочисленные импринты через Андхра -Прадеш» . Индия сегодня . 2 октября 2019 года . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ "Кто разработал национальный флаг: друг Неру или последователь Ганди?" Полем FirstPost . 9 августа 2022 года . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Janyala, Sreenivas (3 августа 2022 г.). «Андхра -Прадеш Правительство отмечает годовщину рождения национального дизайнера флагов Пингали Венкали Венкали» . Индийский экспресс . Получено 10 августа 2022 года .
- ^ "Centenarian Seetha Mahalakshmi, daughter national flag designer, passes away"Полем Tulttan Times июля 23 10 2022августа