Гуарани водоносный горизонт
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Гуараниночный водоносной горизонт , расположенный под поверхностью Аргентины , Бразилии , Парагва и Уругвай , является второй по величине известной системой водоносных горизонтов в мире и является важным источником пресной воды . [ 1 ] Назван в честь гуарани , он охватывает 1 200 000 квадратных километров (460 000 кв. МИ) с объемом около 40 000 кубических километров (9600 куб. Максимальная глубина около 1800 метров (5900 футов). содержит около 37 000 кубических километров (8900 куб. он По оценкам , 3 /год от осадков . Говорят, что этот обширный подземный водохранилище может поставлять свежую питьевую воду в мир в течение 200 лет. Тем не менее, при более внимательном рассмотрении, если население мира оставалось в равновесии около 6,96 миллиардов, даже не учитывая, что детям нужно меньше воды, чем взрослые люди, эта цифра достигает 1600 лет, что позволяет около 9 литров в день на человека. Из -за ожидаемой нехватки пресной воды в глобальном масштабе, которая, как предполагают экологи, станет критическим менее чем за 20 лет, [citation needed] this important natural resource is rapidly becoming politicised, and its control becomes ever more controversial.[2]
Geology of the aquifer
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The Guarani Aquifer consists primarily of fluvial sandstones of the Piramboia Formation and aeolian sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which were deposited during the Triassic and Jurassic periods. Over 90% of the total area is overlain by early Cretaceous basalts of the Serra Geral Formation. The basalt's low permeability allows it to act as an aquitard, providing a high degree of containment. This greatly reduces the rate of infiltration and subsequent recharge, but also isolates the aquifer from the vadose zone, subsequent surface-associated losses due to evaporation and evapotranspiration, and potential contamination.[citation needed]
The erosion exposes pieces of sandstone on aquifer's banks, which are called outcrops. This is where the rain comes in and also where the contamination might happen.[3] In general, the aquifer comprises a variety of quartz sand, well-rounded format, and has low clay content. Granulometric data indicate that over 50% of the grains have a diameter between 0.125 and 0.250 millimetres (125 and 250 μm; 4.9 and 9.8 thou).[citation needed]
Research and monitoring of the aquifer in order to better manage it as a resource is considered important, as the population growth rate within its area is relatively high — resulting in higher consumption and pollution risks.[citation needed]
The countries over the aquifer are also the original four Mercosur countries.[citation needed]
Recharge of the aquifer
[edit]The recharge distribution is related to precipitation rate. Its complexity is due to the indirect relation between them. The infiltration rate depends on parameters that are variables in time and space. Another important factor that contributes to the aquifer's recharge is the importance of evapotranspiration. The soil, plants and atmosphere could be considered as components of a system physically related and dynamic. In some regions, the quantity of water that evaporates is larger than the runoff flow.
A study by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) in Ribeirão Preto - Brazil, from 1994 to 2001 indicates that agricultural activity using chemical products offers risk of contamination for the groundwater.[4]
Vegetal interception is another factor that directly influences the quantity of water that infiltrates into the soil, according to Soares and Almeida (2001) who realized a study in the Eucalyptus area between October 1995 and September 1996. The interception during this period was evaluated in 11% of the precipitation value.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ News from the BBC
- ^ Britain, John (June 22, 2015). "The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy". Science and Diplomacy.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Carlos Eduardo Andrade Gomes Barreto. "BALANÇO HÍDRICO EM ZONA DE AFLORAMENTO DO SISTEMA AQUÍFERO GUARANI A PARTIR DE MONITORAMENTO HIDROGEOLÓGICO EM BACIA REPRESENTATIVA." N.p., 2006. Web.
- ^ Revista Do Departamento De Geografia, 18 (2006) 67-74., Marco Antônio Ferreira Gomes, Heloisa Ferreira Filizola, and Cláudio A. Spadotto. "CLASSIFICAÇÃO DAS ÁREAS DE RECARGA DO SISTEMA AQÜÍFERO GUARANI NO BRASIL EM DOMÍNIOS PEDOMORFOAGROCLIMÁTICOS – SUBSÍDIO AOS ESTUDOS DE AVALIAÇÃO DE RISCO DE CONTAMINAÇÃO DAS ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS." CLASSIFICAÇÃO DAS ÁREAS DE RECARGA DO SISTEMA AQÜÍFERO GUARANI NO BRASIL EM DOMÍNIOS PEDOMORFOAGROCLIMÁTICOS – SUBSÍDIO AOS ESTUDOS DE AVALIAÇÃO DE RISCO DE CONTAMINAÇÃO DAS ÁGUAS (n.d.): n. pag. Oct. 2005. Web.
External links
[edit]
- Official Site for the book about the Aquifer, by Nadia Rita Boscardin Borghetti, José Roberto Borghetti and Ernani Francisco da Rosa Filho (in Brazilian Portuguese)
- Conference «The Management of the Guarani Aquifer System: An Example of Cooperation»
- "Waters that unite: Footprints of the Guarani Aquifer System". IW:Learn. January 26, 2024.
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