Thelymitra
| Солнечные орхидеи | |
|---|---|
| |
| Леопардовая орхидея Thelymitra Benthamiana возле горы Chudalup | |
Научная классификация 
| |
| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Клада : | Покрытосеменные |
| Клада : | Монокоты |
| Заказ: | Аспарагал |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Diurideae |
| Subtribe: | Thelymitrinae |
| Genus: | Thelymitra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Thelymitra longifolia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
| |
| Species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Thelymitra как солнечные орхидеи , представляет собой род из более чем 100 видов растений , широко известная орхидей в семействе , Orchidaceae . В отличие от большинства других орхидей, солнечные орхидеи не имеют высоко измененного лаборатория , и все три лепестки похожи по размеру, форме и цвету. Колонна , однако, сильно модифицирована и обычно имеет видные крылья или железы , которые полезны для определения видов. Большинство солнечных орхидей закрывают свои цветы ночью, в облачную или прохладную погоду, вызывая их общее имя. Научное название означает «женский капюшон» и относится к колонке с капюшоном, присутствующей в большинстве, но не на всех видах. Большинство видов являются эндемичными для Австралии, хотя некоторые из них находятся настолько далеко оттуда, как Филиппины и Индонезия . Типовые виды , Thelymitra Longifolia , первые, которые были официально описаны, были собраны в Новой Зеландии .
Описание
[ редактировать ]Орхидеи в роде Thelymitra являются наземными, многолетними , лиственными , симподиальными травами , обычно с несколькими незаметными, тонкими корнями и парой овальных клубней . Один лист появляется от основания растения и окружает нижнюю часть цветущего стебля. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The inflorescence is a raceme with from one to many resupinate flowers with three sepals and three petals all more or less alike in size, shape and ornamentation. (The labellum is not highly modified as in most other orchid genera but is similar to the other two petals.) The sexual parts of the flower are fused to the column which is short and stubby with wings which surround the column, forming a hood-like "mitra". The dorsal part of the mitra is usually ornamented, with a flat midsection and two side arms. The lower part of the mitra forms an unornamented rim below the column. The flowers of most species only open in bright warm sunlight and close at night or during cold or cloudy weather. A few species self pollinate and their reaction to environmental change is not as apparent. The fruit that follows flowering is a non-fleshy, dehiscent capsule containing up to 500 seeds.[2][3][4]
Taxonomy and naming
[edit]Joseph Banks collected specimens of Thelymitra longifolia on the North Island of New Zealand during Cook's first expedition to the South Pacific but the first formal description of that species was made by Johann Forster and his son Georg during Cook's second expedition to Australia. They made their collections on the South Island of New Zealand.[5] Thelymitra longifolia is therefore the type species.[6][7]
In 1803, Robert Brown collected T. venosa from Port Jackson and was the first to formally describe it in 1810.[8][9][10]
The name "Thelymitra" is derived from the Ancient Greek words thelys meaning "belonging to women"[11]: 862 and mitra meaning "headdress" or "turban"[11]: 183 referring to the hooded column.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]There are about 100 species distributed in higher rainfall areas of Australia, 15 in New Zealand, 11 of which are endemic, one in New Caledonia, one in East Timor and one in Java and the Philippines. Australian species grow in a range of habitats from swamps to relatively dry sandplains. They are common around granite boulders where they benefit from runoff.[4] The New Zealand species grow in boggy places and on clay banks[12] and T. javanica grows on sparsely vegetated mountain slopes.[13][14]
Ecology
[edit]The particular shape and color of the sun orchids mimics the flowers of lily family (Liliaceae) and the family Goodeniaceae, aiming by deceit for the same insect pollinators.[15] The slender sun orchid (T. pauciflora) only opens for a short time (or not at all) and is self-pollinating. This self-pollination is a successful strategy followed by several other species such as and T. circumsepta, T. graminea , T. holmesii and T. mucida.
Conservation
[edit]Several species are considered by the IUCN as endangered (T. epipactoides) or critically endangered (T. gregaria, T. hiemalis and T. × mackibbinii).[16]
Use in horticulture
[edit]Thelymitras can be grown in a freely draining, dense mixture with partially composted organic matter. A suitable mixture is an equal mix of 7 mm road screenings, year old composted wood chips and commercial potting mix. It is good practice to cover the surface in pine or she-oak needles to control water loss and to feed the mycorrhizal fungi that support the orchid. Due to the buds only opening in warm weather, it is common practice to induce flowering by using a bank of strong incandescent lights to simulate the warm sun. Some work has gone into growing hybrids for better growing and more colour.[17]
Species
[edit]See List of Thelymitra species
Gallery
[edit]-
Several Thelymitra species :2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 -
Swamp sun orchid (Thelymitra cyanea) -
Thelymitra species by Lewis Roberts. -
Bell orchid (Thelymitra campanulata) -
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References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b "Thelymitra". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Bernhardt, Peter H. "Thelymitra". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Thelymitra". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (2011). Orchids of South-West Australia (3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. pp. 285–286. ISBN 9780646562322.
- ^ Retha Edens-Meier; Peter Bernhardt, eds. (2014). Darwin's orchids then and now. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780226044910.
- ^ "Thelymitra". APNI. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ Forster, Johann R.; Forster, Georg (1775). Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis (1 ed.). London. pp. 97–98. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ Jeanes, Jeffrey A. (2012). "Two new rare species in the Thelymitra venosa complex (Orchidaceae) from south-eastern mainland Australia". Muelleria. 30 (1): 8. doi:10.5962/p.292239.
- ^ "Thelymitra venosa". APNI. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. London. p. 314. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ "Sun Orchids". New Zealand Native Orchid Group. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ "Thelymitra javanica". Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ Jeanes, Jeffrey A. (2004). "A revision of the Thelymitra pauciflora R.Br. (Orchidaceae) complex in Australia". Muelleria. 19: 19–79. doi:10.5962/p.291362.
- ^ Edens-Meier, Retha M.; Raguso, Robert A.; Westhus, Eric; Bernhardt, Peter (21 March 2014). "Floral Fraudulence: Do Blue Thelymitra Species (Orchidaceae) Mimic Orthrosanthus laxus (Iridaceae)?". Telopea. 17: 15–28. doi:10.7751/telopea20147392.
- ^ Coates, Fiona; Jeanes, Jeff; Pritchard, Andrew. "Recovery plan for twenty five threatened orchid taxa of Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales (2003 - 2007)" (PDF). Government of Australia Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ Nesbitt, Les. "Australia's Native Orchids". Australian Native Plants Society Australia. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- Памела Бернс-Балога и Питер Бернхардт (1988). «Цветочная эволюция и филогения в Tribethelymitereae (Orchidaceae: Neottioideae)». Систематика растения и эволюция . 159 (1–2): 19–47. Bibcode : 1988psyev.159 ... 19b . doi : 10.1007/bf00937424 .
- Breiner, E. & Breiner, R. (2003). «Thelymitra, солнечные орхидеи: замечательный жанр орхидей из Австралии». Орхидея . 54 (3): 350–351. (на немецком языке)
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
СМИ, связанные с Thelymitra в Wikimedia Commons
