Чоп-чоп (табак)
Чоп-Чоп , также известный как свободный табак , является австралийским термином для нежелательного незаконного табака , такого как тот, который является доморощенным. Практика использования Chop-Chop появилась при уклонке от тяжелых акцизов и налоговых сборов, резко снизив стоимость по сравнению с юридически продаваемыми продуктами. Индустрия Chop-Chop по определению незаконна и не регулируется. [ 1 ]
Потребитель и юридический табак считается низшим продуктом по вкусу, но привлекательная, поскольку его цена для потребителя значительно меньше. [ 2 ]
Рынок
[ редактировать ]По оценкам, в мае 2018 года в Австралии около 864 тонн Чоп-Чопа продается каждый год [ 3 ] который составляет около 40% от общего юридического австралийского рынка свободного табака в 2150 тонн в год. [ 4 ] В прошлом году Австралийское налоговое управление изъяло 117 тонн. [ 3 ] Стоимость рынка варьируется от KPMG в 1,6 миллиарда долларов до Rohan Pike Consulting - 3,8 миллиарда долларов в год. [ 5 ]
Проблемы со здоровьем
[ редактировать ]Chop-chop is sometimes viewed as being more healthy than mass-produced branded tobacco. Research suggests that contaminants are common and include twigs and pulp from raw cotton, hay, cabbage leaves, grass clippings and chloride products. One writer has suggested that mould and fungi are also likely to be found in chop-chop samples.[6]
Another claim is that smoking chop-chop has the potential to cause greater illness than branded tobacco [7] and possible fatality in those who use it. This is claimed, largely to the relatively high chance of fungal contamination found in samples of chop-chop. These fungi can cause toxic responses in the lungs, liver, kidneys and skin, with illness ranging from allergic reactions, chronic bronchitis and asthma to lung cancer.
Possession
[edit]Because of its illegal nature, chop-chop is often transported and stored in a clandestine manner. In one 2007 incident, a taxation officer inspecting a residence in Mareeba, Queensland noticed that the owner's bedroom floor sounded hollow and discovered a hydraulically operated steel trapdoor concealing an underground bunker that held hundreds of kilograms of chop-chop.[8]
Chop-chop can also find its way into the market via individuals or groups who purchase leaf directly from a tobacco grower, process it for sale and provide it to a range of retailers (such as tobacconists, market stallholders, hairdressers, newsagents and milk bars) for on-selling. Chop-chop is usually sold in half or one kilogram lots, packed into clear plastic bags in loose leaf form.[9]
Origins of the term
[edit]The term "chop-chop" was coined in the mid-1890s by staff at an Australian tobacco manufacturer, W.D. & H.O. Wills Australia Limited, endeavouring to combat the illegal trade. The term comes from the production process of the illicit producers - merely chopping up the cured tobacco leaves.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Bittoun 2004, p. 3.
- ^ Shearer, Chris (June 8, 2017). "We Tested Four Types of Chop-Chop So You Can Buy the Best". Vice. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kenny, Mark (May 6, 2018). "Government 'butt-squad' to chase billions in criminal tobacco fraud". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ "10.6 Retail value and volume of the Australian tobacco market - Tobacco in Australia".
- ^ "Government's tobacco tax grab double ATO's estimates". 11 May 2018.
- ^ Bittoun 2004, p. 8.
- ^ Bittoun 2004, pp. 8, 13.
- ^ www.CairnsPost.com.au - Bunker Bust (also on Page 1 of The Cairns Post, August 30 - 2007) Archived August 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Winstanley, Margaret (2008). 10.9.1 Chop-chop. Tobacco in Australia. Cancer Council Victoria. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
Works cited
[edit]- Bittoun, Renée (December 2004). The Medical Consequences of Smoking "Chop-Chop" Tobacco (PDF) (Report). Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2021.