Мастодия

Мастодия
	Mastodia Tesselata Lichen (темный цвет) Растут на скалах в литоральной зоне, которую часто посещают пингвины Gentoo (видимые на фоне)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Eurotiomycetes
Order:	Verrucariales
Family:	Verrucariaceae
Genus:	Mastodia; Hook.f. & Harv. (1847)
Type species
	Mastodia tessellata; (Hook.f. & Harv.) Hook.f. & Harv. (1847)
Species
	M. antarctica; M. borealis; M. georgica; M. mawsonii; M. mexicana; M. tessellata
Synonyms
	Leptogiopsis Nyl. (1884); Dermatomeris Reinsch (1890); Kohlmeyera S.Schatz (1980);

Mastodia -это род лишайных грибов . семействе Verrucariaceae в У него есть шесть видов. ^{[ 2 ]}

Таксономия

Род был ограничен в 1847 году Джозефом Далтоном Хукером и Уильямом Генри Харви . ^{[ 3 ]} Типовые виды , мастодия Tessellata , представляет собой биполярную (т. Е. Ие, обнаруженное как в Арктике, так и в Антарктиде), прибрежный лишайник. Он образует симбиотическую связь с макроскопическим родом Prasiola ; Это единственный известный симбиоз лишайника с участием зеленой водоросли на фолиозе . ^{[ 4 ]} Исследования показывают, что на протяжении всего его географического диапазона лишайник включает в себя два вида грибков ( микобионты ) и три линии водорослей ( фотобионты ), которые ассоциируют. ^{[ 5 ]}

Mastodia was once classified in the eponymously named, monogeneric family Mastodiaceae, proposed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1908. Over a century later, molecular phylogenetics analysis demonstrated that Mastodia tessellata belongs to the family Verrucariaceae, and has a sister taxon relationship with the marine genus Wahlenbergiella . ^{[ 6 ]}

Description

Mastodia has a foliose (leaf-like) thallus, which is either umbilicate (attached at a single point like a navel) or stalked, with a somewhat uneven or mixed structure. In Mastodia, the outer layers, or cortices, are not distinctively separated. The medullary hyphae, which are the internal fungal filaments, run perpendicularly between the groups of algae cells. These hyphae stimulate the algal cells to divide into groups of 16 or 32, aiding in the lichen's growth.^[7]

The reproductive structures of Mastodia, known as perithecia, are either partially submerged in the thallus or protrude from it. The opening of these structures (ostiole) is centrally located. The surrounding tissue, called the parathecium, varies in colour from transparent to pale brown, but it does not have a carbonaceous (blackened) appearance. The paraphyses, which are filament-like structures within the perithecia, tend to disappear quickly. The asci (spore-producing cells) are either club-shaped or cylindrical and typically contain eight spores. The ascospores are transparent and range from long oval to spindle-shaped, with a single internal compartment.^[7]

Mastodia also has pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies). The supporting structure, or perifulcrum, consists of slender, vertically aligned hyphae. The conidiophores are simple and elongated; the conidia themselves are either oval or rod-shaped. In terms of size, the ascospores of Mastodia measure between 16 and 19 μm in length and 2 to 2.5 μm in width.^[7]

Species

Mastodia antarctica (Kütz.) C.W.Dodge (1948)^[8]
Mastodia borealis (M.Reed) C.W.Dodge (1948)^[8]
Mastodia georgica (Reinsch) C.W.Dodge (1948)^[8]
Mastodia mawsonii C.W.Dodge (1948)^[8]
Mastodia mexicana (J.Agardh) C.W.Dodge (1948)^[8]
Mastodia tessellata (Hook.f. & Harv.) Hook.f. & Harv. (1847)^[3]

Both Mastodia complicatula (Nyl.) C.W.Dodge (1948), and Mastodia macquariensis C.W.Dodge (1970) are synonyms of Mastodia tessellata.^[9]^[10]

References

^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Mastodia Hook. f. & Harv., in Hooker, Bot. Antarct. Voy. Erebus Terror 1839-1843 2: 499 (1847)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1844). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1. p. 499.
^ Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; de los Ríos, Asunción (2017). "From Alaska to Antarctica: Species boundaries and genetic diversity of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae), a foliose chlorophyte associated with the bipolar lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 117–131. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.013. PMID 27769902.
^ Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; de los Ríos, Asunción; Fernández-Mendoza, Fernando; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2017). "No need for stepping stones: Direct, joint dispersal of the lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota) and its photobiont explains their bipolar distribution". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (1): 213–224. doi:10.1111/jbi.13105. S2CID 90516785.
^ Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Ríos, Asunción de los; Crespo, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G. (2010). "Symbiotic lifestyle and phylogenetic relationships of the bionts of Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota, incertae sedis)". American Journal of Botany. 97 (5): 738–752. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900323. PMID 21622440.
^ Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} ^в Додж, Кэрролл В. (1973). Лишай Флора Антарктического континента и прилегающих островов . Ханаан, Нью -Гемпшир: Phoenix Publishing. С. 24–25. ISBN 978-0914016014 .
^ Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} ^в ^{дюймовый} ^и Dodge, CW (1948). Лишайники и лишайные паразиты . Британские австралийские и новозеландские исследования Антарктической экспедиции. Тол. 7. С. 57–59.
^ «Детали записи: Mastodia Secutemitla (Nyl.) CW Dodge, Banz Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep., Ser. B 7: 58 (1948) » ИНДЕКС ФУНГОР Получено 15 июля
^ «Детали записи: Mastodia macquariensis cw Dodge, Nova Hedwigi 19 (3-4): 439 (1970)» . Индекс грибов . Получено 15 июля 2022 года .

[Species_Fungorum_synonymy-1] "Synonymy. Current Name: Mastodia Hook. f. & Harv., in Hooker, Bot. Antarct. Voy. Erebus Terror 1839-1843 2: 499 (1847)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 14 July 2022.

[Wijayawardene_et_al._2022-2] Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378.

[Hooker_1844-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1844). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1. p. 499.

[Garrido-Benavent_et_al._2017-4] Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; de los Ríos, Asunción (2017). "From Alaska to Antarctica: Species boundaries and genetic diversity of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae), a foliose chlorophyte associated with the bipolar lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 117–131. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.013. PMID 27769902.

[Garrido-Benavent_et_al._2017b-5] Garrido-Benavent, Isaac; de los Ríos, Asunción; Fernández-Mendoza, Fernando; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio (2017). "No need for stepping stones: Direct, joint dispersal of the lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota) and its photobiont explains their bipolar distribution". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (1): 213–224. doi:10.1111/jbi.13105. S2CID 90516785.

[Pérez-Ortega_et_al._2010-6] Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Ríos, Asunción de los; Crespo, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G. (2010). "Symbiotic lifestyle and phylogenetic relationships of the bionts of Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota, incertae sedis)". American Journal of Botany. 97 (5): 738–752. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900323. PMID 21622440.

[Dodge_1973-7] Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} ^в Додж, Кэрролл В. (1973). Лишай Флора Антарктического континента и прилегающих островов . Ханаан, Нью -Гемпшир: Phoenix Publishing. С. 24–25. ISBN 978-0914016014 .

[Dodge_1948-8] Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} ^в ^{дюймовый} ^и Dodge, CW (1948). Лишайники и лишайные паразиты . Британские австралийские и новозеландские исследования Антарктической экспедиции. Тол. 7. С. 57–59.

[IF:_Mastodia_complicatula-9] «Детали записи: Mastodia Secutemitla (Nyl.) CW Dodge, Banz Antarct. Res. Exped. Rep., Ser. B 7: 58 (1948) » ИНДЕКС ФУНГОР Получено 15 июля

[IF:_Mastodia_macquariensis-10] «Детали записи: Mastodia macquariensis cw Dodge, Nova Hedwigi 19 (3-4): 439 (1970)» . Индекс грибов . Получено 15 июля 2022 года .

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