Kvarstad vessels
The kvarstad vessels were a number of Norwegian ships held in arrest (Swedish: kvarstad) in Gothenburg during World War II.[1] The ships had been visiting Swedish ports when the German invasion of Norway took place in April 1940.[2] They were eventually claimed by Nortraship, which represented the Norwegian exile government and the British Government, but also by the Germany-supported Quisling regime in Norway. The fate of the ships was disputed through a number of diplomatic notes and trials between the involved parties.[3][4][5][6] The disputed vessels originally numbered 42 ships, with a total of 170,000 ton dw. Some of the ships returned early to occupied Norway, some after recommendation from the Administrative Council.[7] In January 1941 the British Operation Rubble succeeded in bringing five of the ships to the Orkney Islands.[8]
In March 1942 the British led Operation Performance involved an effort to bring ten ships to the British Islands.[9][10][11] Only two of the ships, MV B.P. Newton and MV Lind, reached Britain. Two ships, MV Storsten and MV Rigmor were sunk by German aircraft. Four ships were scuttled by their own crews, after being confronted by German warships. These were MS Buccaneer, SS Skytteren, SS Charente, and SS Gudvang. Two ships, MV Dicto and SS Lionel returned to Gothenburg.[12][13] The total number of crew on the ten involved ships was 471. Of these 19 perished during the escape operation, 124 reached the British islands.[1] and the 85 persons from Dicto and Lionel returned to Sweden. More than 200 from the ships were captured by the Germans. These included more than 160 Norwegian men and seven women, more than fifty British, two Dutch and one Polish. The captured sailors were brought to German prisons, first to the prisoner-of-war camp Marlag und Milag Nord near Bremen, where they were treated relatively well. The women were later released. While the British remained in the Milag camp, the Norwegian sailors were subject to war trials (at the Sondergericht in Rendsburg), and were eventually transferred to other prisons, as Nacht und Nebel prisoners with much tougher conditions.[10][14][15] Of these, 43 died during their imprisonment,[1] while 125 survived.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c Hjeltnes, Guri (1995). "Kvarstadbåtene". In Dahl; Hjeltnes; Nøkleby; Ringdal; Sørensen (eds.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. pp. 238–239. ISBN 82-02-14138-9. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ Sveriges förhållande ... pp. 49-54
- ^ Riste 1973
- ^ Riste 1979
- ^ Carlgren 1991
- ^ Sveriges förhållande ... pp. 124-149
- ^ Hegland 1976 I; p. 31-32
- ^ Hjeltnes 1999: p. 394
- ^ Hjeltnes 1999: pp. 393-425
- ^ Jump up to: a b Andresen 1948
- ^ Andresen 1992
- ^ Hjeltnes 1999: pp. 401-425
- ^ Hegland 1976 II: pp. 68-75
- ^ Ottosen 1973: pp. 240–268
- ^ Hjeltnes 1999: pp. 418-420
- ^ Andresen 1992: pp. 164-165
Bibliography
[edit]- Andresen, Alf Pahlow; Johansen, Helge Stray (1948). Kvarstadbåtene. Göteborgkonvoien (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tanum.
- Andresen, Alf Pahlow (1992). I natt og tåke mot England. Kvarstadbåtene – beretning fra en mann ombord (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. ISBN 978-82-02-13804-2.
- Carlgren, Wilhelm M. (1991). "Svensk–norska regeringsrelationer under andra världskriget". In Ekman, Stig; Grimnes, Ole Kristian (eds.). Broderfolk i ufredstid (in Swedish). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
- Hegland, Jon Rustung (1976). Krigsseilasen under den allierte defensiv 1940–1941. Nortraships flåte (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Dreyer. ISBN 82-09-01261-4.
- Hegland, Jon Rustung (1976). Krigsseilasen under den allierte offensiv 1942–1945. Nortraships flåte (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Dreyer. ISBN 82-09-01261-4.
- Hjeltnes, Guri (1999) [1995]. Sjømann. Lang vakt. Handelsflåten i krig 1939–1945 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Grøndahl Dreyer. ISBN 82-504-2065-9.
- Ottosen, Kristian (1993). "Zuchthaus Sonnenburg". Bak lås og slå (in Norwegian) (1995 ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug. ISBN 82-03-26079-9.
- Riste, Olav (1973). London-regjeringa. Norge i krigsalliansen 1940–1945 (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Samlaget.
- Riste, Olav (1979). London-regjeringa. Norge i krigsalliansen 1940–1945 (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Samlaget. ISBN 82-521-0954-3.
- Sveriges förhållande till Danmark och Norge under krigsåren. Redogörelser avgivna till utrikesnämdnden av ministern för utrikes ärendena 1941–1945 (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners. 1945.
Further reading
[edit]- Basberg, Bjørn L. (1993). Nortraship. Alliert og konkurrent. Handelsflåten i krig 1939–1945 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Grøndahl Dreyer. ISBN 82-504-2064-0.
- Dannevig, Birger (1968). Skip og menn. Den norske handelsflåtes krigsinnsats 1939–1945 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. ISBN 82-03-10482-7.