Otok (administrative unit)
Otok (or Otog, Mongolian: отог) is a feudal inheritance in medieval Mongolia. In feudal dependence on otok there were people from various clans connected by the unity of the territory.[1][2]
Description
[edit]"Otok" is a translation of the Mongolian "otog" (ᠣᠲᠣᠭ), which means "camp" or "department" in Mongolian.[3] Soviet scientists have confirmed that this word originally came from the Sogdian "otak", which originally meant "land" and "region". The researcher of Inner Mongolia Hu Alateng Ula believes that this word, including the Sogdian "otak", comes from the Hunnic "Ou Tu", which was originally the first level of the organization of the social management of the Xiongnu[4]
Shagdarzhavyn Natsagdorzh assumed that the "otok" of the Mongols appeared a long time ago. For example, during the reign of Kublai Khan, the otok already existed, and they included about 10,000 villages.[5] It is important to understand that the otok is not a union of blood relatives, but the people who were at the head were not tribal elders. Otok was only a nomadic fief.[6] In some cases, otok was like a principality.[7]
In the Manchurian period, the Otoks were replaced by the Hoshuns.[1][2] In the XVIII and XIX centuries, the Telengits had only two otoks, which had limited sovereignty.[8] These Otoks had zaisans in power. Later these lands became part of Russia and became known as volosts.[9] An administrative unit of self-government among the Altaians, similar to the concept of "volost", during the transition from Dzungarian influence to Russian citizenship.
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Владимирцов Б. Я., Обществ. строй монголов, Л., 1934, Page 132, 139-140.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Златкин И. Я., История Джунгарского ханства (1635-1758), М., 1964, Page 79-81.
- ^ "鄂托克前旗". 鄂尔多斯市人民政府. 2022-07-06. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
- ^ 胡·阿拉腾乌拉 (1990). "简论"瓯脱"的起源与发展". 内蒙古民族大学学报：社会科学版 (3). Translated by 高玉虎: 81–86. ISSN 1671-0215. NSSD 1002881836.
- ^ И.Я. Златкин, С.К. Рощин "Общественные науки в МНР", Page 51.
- ^ Бакаева Э.П. Проблемы этногенеза и этнической культуры тюрко-монгольских народов, Page 169.
- ^ Narody Azii i Afriki. Issue 2–6, Page 89.
- ^ Самаев Г. П. «ГОРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ В XVII — СЕРЕДИНЕ XIX В.: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ И ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИЯ К РОССИИ». Page 198.
- ^ Самаев Г. П. «ГОРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ В XVII — СЕРЕДИНЕ XIX В.: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ И ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИЯ К РОССИИ». Page 171.