Завыл

Завыл
	Урна дьявола, кратер урнулы
Научная классификация
Домен:	Эукариота
Королевство:	Грибы
Разделение:	Ascomycota
Сорт:	Pezizomycetes
Заказ:	Пезизалес
Семья:	Sarcosomataceae
Род:	Завыл ; О. (1849)
Type species
	Urnula craterium; (Schwein.) Fr. (1851)
Species
	10 species

Урнула является родом кубков грибов в семействе Sarcosomataceae , ограниченном Элиасом Магнусом Фрисом в 1849 году. Род содержит несколько видов, найденных в Азии, Европе, Гренландии и Северной Америке. ^{[ 1 ]} Грибы Sarcosomataceae производят темный цвет (от коричневого до черного), от мелкости до глубоких фруктов в форме воронки с или без качества , растущего весной. Типовым видом рода является кратев урнулы , широко известный как урна дьявола или серая урна. Urnula Виды могут расти, когда саптробы или паразиты имеют анаморфическое состояние. Анаморфная форма кратея U. вызывает Strumella Canker, на дубах .

Таксономия

Элиас Магнус Фрис ограничил новый род урнула в 1849 году и установил то, что тогда было известно как Кратерий Пезиза как типовой вид . ^{[ 2 ]} Имя рода означает «маленькая урна »; Конкретный эпитет получен из латинской кратеры , относящейся к типу чаши, используемой в древности. ^{[ 3 ]}

Описание

Imperfect states

The life cycle of Urnula craterium allows for both an imperfect (making asexual spores, or conidia) or perfect (making sexual spores) form; as has often happened in fungal taxonomy, the imperfect form was given a different name, because the relationship between the perfect and imperfect forms of the same species was not then known. The imperfect stage of Urnula craterium is the plant pathogenic species Conoplea globosa, known to cause a canker disease (Strumella canker) of oak and several other hardwoods.^[4]^[5]

Species

U. craterium (Schwein.) Fr. (1851)
U. groenlandica Dissing (1981)^[6] – Greenland
U. helvelloides Donadini, Berthet & Astier (1973)
U. hiemalis Nannf. (1949)^[7] – Northern Europe; Alaska^[8]
U. mediterranea (M.Carbone, Agnello & Baglivo) M.Carbone, Agnello & P.Alvarado (2013)
U. mexicana
U. padeniana M.Carbone, Agnello, A.D.Parker & P.Alvarado (2013)^[9]
U. philippinarum Rehm (1914)^[10] – Philippines
U. torrendii Boud. (1911)^[11] – Europe
U. versiformis Y.Z.Wang & C.L.Huang (2014) – Taiwan^[12]
U. viridirubescens (Bagnis) Boud. (1907)

The European species provisionally named Urnula brachysperma by François Brunelli^[13] in 1997 is not yet validly published.

Several species once classified in Urnula have since been transferred to other genera in the Sarcosomataceae or the Chorioactidaceae. Peck's 1894 Urnula geaster is now type species of the genus Chorioactis, while Urnula pouchetii Berthet & Riousset 1965 in now in Neournula (Chorioactidaceae). Urnula lusitanica, published in 1911 by Torrend and Boudier, is now Donadinia lusitanica. Urnula megalocrater Malençon & Le Gal 1958, Urnula platensis Speg. 1898, and Urnula rugosa Le Gal 1958 are now all classified in the genus Plectania.

Habitat and distribution

Urnula species can grow as saprobes or parasites having an anamorphic state. Fruitbodies of U. craterium and U. hiemalis tend to persist in one location for many growing seasons, sometimes even for several decades.^[8]

References

^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 714. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ Fries EM (1849). Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm & Leipzig: A. Bonnier. p. 364.
^ "Latin Word Lookup". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
^ Hughes SJ (1951). "Microfungi V. Conoplea Pers. and Exosporium Link". Canadian Journal of Botany. 38 (4): 659–96. doi:10.1139/b60-059.
^ Pirone PP, Hartman JR, Pirone TP, Pirone TP, Sall MA (2000). Pirone's Tree Maintenance. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 435. ISBN 0-19-511991-6.
^ Dissing H. (1981). "Four new species of discomycetes (Pezizales) from West Greenland". Mycologia. 73 (2): 263–73. doi:10.2307/3759647. JSTOR 3759647.
^ Nannfeldt JA (1949). "Contributions to the mycoflora of Sweden. 7. A new winter discomycete, Urnula hiemalis Nannf. n. sp., and a short account of the Swedish species of Sarcoscyphaceae". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 43: 468–484.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Zetter I, Kullman B (2011). "Urnula hiemalis – a rare and interesting species of the Pezizales from Estonia". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 48: 149–152.
^ Carbone M, Agnello C, Parker A. "Urnula padeniana (Pezizales) sp. nov. and the type study of Bulgaria mexicana" (PDF). Ascomycete.org. 5 (1): 13–24.
^ Rehm H. (1914). "Ascomycetes philippinenses - VI". Leaflets of Philippine Botany. 6: 2257–81.
^ Boudier JLÉ, Torrend C (1911). "Discomycètes nouveaux de Portugal". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 27 (2): 127–136.
^ Wang Y-Z, Huang C-L (December 11, 2014). "A new species of Urnula (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) from Taiwan". Nova Hedwigia. 101: 49–55. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2014/0233.
^ Brunelli F. (1997). "Urnula brachysperma ad int". Bollettino del Gruppo Micologico "G. Bresadola" (in Italian). 40 (2–3): 119–122.

[Kirk_2008-1] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 714. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.

[Fries_1849-2] Fries EM (1849). Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm & Leipzig: A. Bonnier. p. 364.

[urlLatin_Word_Lookup-3] "Latin Word Lookup". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2009-04-05.

[Hughes_1951-4] Hughes SJ (1951). "Microfungi V. Conoplea Pers. and Exosporium Link". Canadian Journal of Botany. 38 (4): 659–96. doi:10.1139/b60-059.

[Pirone_2000-5] Pirone PP, Hartman JR, Pirone TP, Pirone TP, Sall MA (2000). Pirone's Tree Maintenance. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 435. ISBN 0-19-511991-6.

[Dissing_1981-6] Dissing H. (1981). "Four new species of discomycetes (Pezizales) from West Greenland". Mycologia. 73 (2): 263–73. doi:10.2307/3759647. JSTOR 3759647.

[Nannfeldt_1949-7] Nannfeldt JA (1949). "Contributions to the mycoflora of Sweden. 7. A new winter discomycete, Urnula hiemalis Nannf. n. sp., and a short account of the Swedish species of Sarcoscyphaceae". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 43: 468–484.

[Zettur_2011-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b Zetter I, Kullman B (2011). "Urnula hiemalis – a rare and interesting species of the Pezizales from Estonia". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 48: 149–152.

[Carbone_2013-9] Carbone M, Agnello C, Parker A. "Urnula padeniana (Pezizales) sp. nov. and the type study of Bulgaria mexicana" (PDF). Ascomycete.org. 5 (1): 13–24.

[Rhem_1914-10] Rehm H. (1914). "Ascomycetes philippinenses - VI". Leaflets of Philippine Botany. 6: 2257–81.

[Boudier_1911-11] Boudier JLÉ, Torrend C (1911). "Discomycètes nouveaux de Portugal". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 27 (2): 127–136.

[Wang_2015-12] Wang Y-Z, Huang C-L (December 11, 2014). "A new species of Urnula (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales) from Taiwan". Nova Hedwigia. 101: 49–55. doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2014/0233.

[Brunelli_1997-13] Brunelli F. (1997). "Urnula brachysperma ad int". Bollettino del Gruppo Micologico "G. Bresadola" (in Italian). 40 (2–3): 119–122.

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