Rumicastrum balonense
| Rumicastrum balonense | |
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Научная классификация 
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| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Клада : | Покрытосеменные |
| Клада : | Eudicots |
| Заказ: | Caryophylles |
| Семья: | Montiaceae |
| Род: | Rumicastrum |
| Разновидность: | Р. Балоненсе
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| Binomial name | |
| Rumicastrum balonense | |
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| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Rumicastrum Balonense , синоним Calandrinia balonensis , является суккулентным растением, уроженцем засушливых и полузасушливых регионов Австралии . [ 2 ]
Научное название для вида происходит от реки Балонн в Квинсленде , где был найден первый образец. Каландриния , его бывший род, назван в честь Жана Луи Каландрини , женского профессора и ботанического автора 19-го века, [ 3 ] Общие названия для R. Balonense включают Parakeelya, широколистные Parakeelya, широколистную Parakeelya и Balonne Parakeelya . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Слово «Parakeelya» происходит от одного из многочисленных австралийских названий аборигенов для завода. [ 6 ] R. Balonense продается как садовое растение под названием Calandrinia «Мистика» . [ 7 ]
Описание
[ редактировать ]R. Balonense -это сочная годовая трава с ярко-зеленой листвой, которая растет в распределительной форме до 60 см в поперечнике, с прямыми листовыми цветочными стеблями до 30 см в высоту. [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Листья мясисты, шириной около 5-20 мм и длиной от 20 до 100 мм, с канавкой, проходящей вдоль вдоль середины верхней поверхности. [ 2 ] Хотя листья кажутся почти плоскими, если смотреть сверху, если лист переворачивается, чтобы показать нижнюю сторону, его суккультность очевидно. [8] Leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant and extend up the flower-stems.[2]
There are three to four flowers at the top of each stem or on short leafy branches.[2] Flowers are vivid dark pink or purple with five petals 11 to 15 mm long and bright yellow stamens in the center.[3] The flowers open during the day and close just before sunset. The fruit is a small capsule that contains numerous dark-red seeds. The capsule is 5 to 9 mm long and 4 to 7 mm wide, and the seeds are at least 1 mm in diameter.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]R. balonense is one of 66 Rumicastrum species, which are native to Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania.[9] Along with the pigweeds (Portulaca species), Rumicastrum are the most prominent succulent species in Australia.[10] The Rumicastrum species were formerly classified in genus Calandrinia and considered to be monophyletic (share the same ancestry) with the 14 Calandrinia species from the Americas.[11] However, in 1987 Australian taxonomist Roger Carolin proposed that the American and Australian Calandrinia are not closely related to each other based on morphological analyses. Follow-up studies also supported two different lineages, based in part on the absence of Calandrinia on islands along possible dispersal pathways between South America and Australia and in part on genomic data.[12][13]
Although the need for a nomenclature change was widely agreed, a debate arose over the appropriate naming of the Australasian Calandrinia, and the new genus name is not universally agreed to.[14] A proposal was made to rename the genus as Parakeelya on the grounds that it is used as a common name for the whole genus, derives from South Australian and Central Desert Indigenous names, and is already accepted as a synonym for some Australian species.[15] In 2020 Mark Hershkovitz, the author of Parakeelya, published a paper arguing that the Australasian species should be reclassified into genus Rumicastrum according to established nomenclatural rules.[14] Plants of the World Online also accepts Rumicastrum.[1][14] Other sources are undecided.[11]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]R. balonense is widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid zones of New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia.[3][16] It is most common on sandplains, sand dunes and rises and along sandy intermittent watercourses. It is less frequently found on gravelly hills of neutral or acidic rocks.[2][6] The plant occurs in association with mulga and poplar box woodlands and in spinifex communities.[2][6]
Ecology
[edit]The distinctive features and life history of R. balonense reflect the requirements of its distribution in dry regions. The most noticeable of these features is succulence, an evolutionary strategy in which plants’ leaves or roots are thickened, fleshy, and engorged to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions.[10] Although succulence is rare among Australian plants when compared to arid regions in the Americas and Africa, it is a defining characteristic of Rumicastrum and Calandrinia.[10] R. balonense has “leaf succulence,” in which the majority of its water reserves are stored in the leaves.[8] R. balonense utilises crassulean acid metabolism (CAM) at a low level.[17] In CAM photosynthesis, plants can obtain carbon dioxide by opening their stomata at night when water loss is reduced. Carbon dioxide absorbed at night is stored in dilute form in the succulent tissues until daylight, when photosynthesis is completed.[10] Like other Rumicastrum with CAM, R. balonense obtains most of its carbon through daytime photosynthesis, unlike some other well-known succulents such as cacti that may obtain most or all required carbon at night.[17]
R. balonense has been classified as a “drought evader,” a short-lived plant that spends most of its life as a dormant seed or a small plant, until a large rainfall event triggers germination or growth, in contrast to “drought tolerators” which are perennial plants that can survive long periods without rainfall.[18] In drier periods R. balonense can grow as a small single rosette. After significant rainfall it rapidly develops from this single rosette to a large green mass of leaves and stems that can carpet the sandplains and dunes with massed, colourful displays.[8] It tends to last longer than most arid or semi-arid zone annuals because of its ability to store water in its succulent leaves.[19] R. balonense may flower any month but is most commonly reported to do so in spring.[6][2]
Uses
[edit]R. balonense was an important food for Aboriginal people in Central Australia.[20] Pitjantjatjara people steam the leaves, roots and stems before eating, and would eat the succulent leaves raw for their moisture content in an emergency.[19] The small black seeds can be ground into a paste that is rich in protein (14.6 percent) and fat (17 percent), but gathering the seeds in useful quantities is labour-intensive.[20]
The widespread use of R. balonense is reflected in numerous terms for it in Aboriginal languages:
- Alyawarr: alyemp-alyemp, lywemp-lywemp
- Anmatyerr: arrwelty-arrwelty, lywemp
- Eastern Arrernte: lyempe-lyempe, parrkelye
- Western Arrernte: ilkngwalye
- Pintupi: kumuḻ-kumuḻpa
- Pitjanjatjara: nurngi, parkilypa, tjuṉngi
- Warlpiri: parrkilyi, patanjarnngi[19]
R. balonense leaves were also a food source for European settlers and explorers. Alice Duncan-Kemp, an author and Indigenous culture recorder, described R. balonense as palatable when cooked and dressed with seasoning or white sauce.[20]
R. balonense is considered a palatable and useful forage species for sheep and cattle. Some Rumicastrum species have been reported to contain high levels of oxalic acid, but it is considered that none of the species, including R. balonense, occur at such abundance as to cause problems for stock.[2] R. balonense has been classified as a preferred food source of feral camels in Central Australia.
Cultivation
[edit]A selection of this species, cv 'Mystique', has been registered and propagated as a clone.[21] Like other Rumicastrum species, it is self-incompatible, and therefore does not set seed unless grown with other clones.[22] It can be propagated by cuttings and the resulting plants flower prolifically, but they may be difficult to maintain for more than one year.[23] Wild-type plants also make attractive garden plants, and if several clones are grown together, they interpollinate and set abundant seed.[23] The seed germinates only sparsely without some form of scarification of the seed coat, but ~80% germination has been reported when the coat of the tiny seed is nicked with a scalpel, using a dissecting microscope.[24][25]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Rumicastrum balonense (Lindl.) Carolin. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Cunningham, G. M., Mulham, W. E., Milthorpe, P. L., & Leigh, J. H. (1992). Plants of western New South Wales. Melbourne & Sydney, Australia: Inkata Press. pp. 297–298.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b c d Australian National Botanic Gardens, Parks Australia. "Calandrinia balonensis - Growing Native Plants". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Fact sheet for Calandrinia balonensis". www.flora.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "NT Flora". eflora.nt.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Calandrinia 'Mystique'". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kapitany, A. The Australian Calandrinia. Boronia, Victoria: Kapitany Concepts. p. 6.
- ^ Rumicastrum Ulbr. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Low, T. (2016). "Where are all the succulents?". Wildlife Australia. 53: 12–14.
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: a b Тиле, Кевин (29 декабря 2018 г.). «На горизонте: Каландриния переходит на Парикела» . Таксономия Австралия . Получено 18 октября 2020 года .
- ^ Tahir, SS and Carolin, RC (1990). Каландриния. Джоллал Ботана 22 : 1–4.
{{cite journal}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Hancock, LP, Obbens, F., Moore, AJ, Thile, K., De Vos, JM, West, J. и Edwards, EJ (2018). «Филогения, эволюция и биогеографическая история каландринии (Montiaceae)» . Американский журнал ботаники . 105 (6): 1021–1034. doi : 10.1002/ajb2.1110 . PMID 29995314 . S2CID 51612043 .
{{cite journal}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Хершковиц, Массачусетс (2020). «Rumicastrum Ulbrich (Montiaceae): прекрасное название для австралийских карандринии». Фитология . 102 : 116–123.
- ^ Thiele, KR, Obbens, L., Hancock E., Edwards, E. and West, JG (2018). «Предложение сохранить имя Parakeelya против rumicastrum». Таксон 67 : 214–215. doi : 10.12705/671.25 .
{{cite journal}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ AVH (2020). «Австралийский виртуальный гербарий, Совет руководителей австралийской гербарии» . Получено 22 октября 2020 года .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Hancock, LG, Holtum, Jam и Edwards, EJ (2019). «Эволюция фотосинтеза CAM в австралийской карандринии выявляет лабильность в фенотипах C3+CAM и возможное ограничение эволюции сильного CAM» . Интегративная и сравнительная биология . 59 (3): 517–534. doi : 10.1093/icb/icz089 . PMID 31161205 .
{{cite journal}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Кит, Д. (2004). Океанские берега в пустынные дюны - местная растительность Нового Южного Уэльса и акт . Херствилл, Новый Южный Уэльс: Департамент окружающей среды и сохранения (Новый Южный Уэльс). п. 279
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Лац, П. (1995). Лесные пожары и кустарники: использование растений аборигенов в центральной Австралии . Алис -Спрингс, Северная территория, Австралия: IAD Press. С. 134–135.
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Лоу, Т. (1988). Растения диких продуктов Австралии . Сидней, Австралия: издатели Harpers Collings. п. 157
- ^ "Каландриния" мистика " . www.anbg.gov.au. Получено 22 октября 2020 года .
- ^ Wickramasinghe Priyanka, Harrison Dion K., Johnston Margaret E. (2010). «Репродуктивная биология и международная совместимость размножения декоративной порталаки и каландории (Portulacaceae)». Австралийский журнал ботаники . 57 (8): 697–707. doi : 10.1071/bt09107 .
{{cite journal}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный «Среда обитания паракелей - вертикальные сады на стенах, деревьях и резервуарах для воды» . sites.google.com . Получено 22 октября 2020 года .
- ^ «Семена Южной Австралии - домашняя страница» . spapps.environment.sa.gov.au . Получено 22 октября 2020 года .
- ^ «База данных по получению информации: результаты поиска» . data.kew.org . Получено 22 октября 2020 года .