Пол Гондхет
Пол Мари Ингендже Гондюут | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Член Сената Франции | |
| В офисе 24 июля 1949 - 7 июня 1958 г. | |
| Президент Национального собрания Габона [ 1 ] | |
| В офисе Март 1957 г. - февраль 1961 г. | |
| Предшествует | Пост установлен |
| Преуспевает | Луи Бигманн |
| President of the Economic Council | |
| In office 1962–1964 | |
| President of the National Assembly of Gabon[1] | |
| In office April 1975 – February 1980 | |
| Preceded by | Georges Aleka Damas |
| Succeeded by | Augustin Boumah |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 4 June 1912 Gabon |
| Died | 1 July 1990 (aged 78) Libreville, Gabon |
| Political party | Gabonese Democratic Bloc |
Пол Мари Инджендже Гондюут (4 июня 1912 года - 1 июля 1990 года) была габонским политиком и государственным служащим , а также отцом Лоре Гондюата , еще одного выдающегося габонского политика. Gondjout был членом этнической группы Mpongwe и служил во французской колониальной администрации с 1928 года, и основал Cercle amical et mutualiste des évolués de port-gentil в 1943 году. Он был делегатом французского сената с 1949 по 1958 основал габонский демократический блок (BDG). В 1954 году Леон М'ба присоединился к вечеринке и в конечном итоге сверг Гондюут как лидера.
В 1960 году тогдашний президент М'ба изменил правительство без консультации с парламентом. Когда Gondjout подал ходатайство о осуждении, ему было предъявлено обвинение в попытке переворота D'Etat и приговорен к двум годам тюремного заключения. После его освобождения М'ба назначил его на в основном символический пост президента экономического совета, частично, чтобы заставить замолчать угрозу, которую он представлял.
Гонджаут занимал должность государственного министра во время абортного Coup D'Etat 1964 года, но был оправдан по всем обвинениям во время его последующего судебного разбирательства. Он жил вне публичного взгляда с его оправдания 1966 года до своей смерти 1 июля 1990 года, и в течение этого периода мало записей о его жизни.
Early life and political career
[edit]Gondjout was born on 4 June 1912, to a Mpongwe family.[2][3] He had a younger brother named Edouard.[4] The elder Gondjout began his service in the French colonial administration in 1928. In 1943 he founded the Cercle amical et mutualiste des évolués de Port-Gentil (roughly translated as Mutual Friends for the Evolution of Port-Gentil), an organization that encouraged and utilised the talents of educated Gabonese.[5] With the assistance of Mpongwe businesspeople,[6] In 1945 he established the Gabonese Democratic Party alongside Emile Issembe.[7]
Gondjout was elected to the Senate of France on 24 July 1949 and re-elected on 18 May 1952—both times as an independent candidate—serving until the end of his term on 7 June 1958.[3] On 18 December 1953, he became the father of Laure Gondjout. She would later become a prominent politician[8] as would his son, Vincent de Paul Gondjout,[9] and nephew, Georges Rawiri.[10]
In August 1953 Gondjout's PDG merged with the Gabonese Mixed Committee to form the Gabonese Democratic Bloc (BDG).[7] Over the course of the following seven years, the party published a newspaper[11] which caught the eye of the aspiring politician Léon M'ba, whom Gondjout had earlier helped to elect to the Gabonese council of government.[12] The two formed an alliance supported by the Mpongwe business community, the wealthy coastal Fangs (like M'ba), and the French, which managed to overpower Jean-Hilaire Aubame and fellow members of the Gabonese Democratic and Social Union.[2] Gondjout, the self-appointed secretary of the BDG, decreed M'ba to be the secretary-general.[13] He and M'ba both believed that Gabon should not have full political independence, stating shortly before it was obtained:
I affirm my belief that it would be premature now for Gabon to achieve total independence, for this would precipitate it irreparably into anarchy or, what would be even worse, into a sort of neocolonialism.[14]
M'ba overthrew Gondjout as head of the BDG and Goundjout aligned with Aubame on several issues, such as opposing M'ba's amount of power.[15] Nonetheless, when Gabon gained its independence on 17 August 1960 Gondjout was named President of the National Assembly by the new President of Gabon, Leon M'ba.[4] In November 1960[16] or 1961, Gondjout called for a constitutional amendment to allow him more executive power.[17] When M'ba reshuffled his cabinet without consulting Parliament, Gondjout filed a motion of censure.[18] He supposedly hoped to benefit from a balance of power modified to his own advantage, and to model Gabon after the Western democracies.[14] M'ba, who did not share these ideas, reacted repressively.[18]
On 16 November, under the pretext of a conspiracy, M'ba declared a state of emergency, ordering the internment of eight BDG opponents and the dissolution of the National Assembly the day after.[18] Electors were asked to vote again on 12 February 1961.[19] Gondjout himself was sentenced to two years in prison.[17] He was imprisoned in a remote village under house arrest, where he was supplied, according to U.S. ambassador to Gabon, Charles Darlington, "with all the whisky and beer he [could] drink and all the girls he want[ed]".[20] Unable to fulfill his position, it was given to Louis Bigmann.[21] Upon Gondjout's release, M'ba appointed him to the mostly symbolic post of President of the Economic Council, in part to silence any threat to M'ba's power.[22]
1964 Gabon coup d'état
[edit]During the night of 17 February and the early morning of 18 February 1964, 150 members of the Gabonese military, gendarmerie, and police, headed by Lieutenant Jacques Mombo and Valére Essone, seized the presidential palace. They arrested President of the National Assembly Louis Bigmann,[23] French commanders Claude Haulin and Major Royer,[24] several ministers,[25] and President M'ba, who was dragged from his bed at gunpoint.[26] On Radio Libreville, the military announced to the Gabonese people that a coup d'état had taken place, asked for technical assistance, and told the French not to interfere in this matter.[25] M'ba was forced to broadcast a speech acknowledging his defeat, in which he said, "The D-Day is here, the injustices are beyond measure, these people are patient, but their patience has limits. It came to a boil."[25][27]
No blood was shed during the event, and when the Gabonese people did not respond violently the military interpreted this as a sign of approval.[28] Aubame was offered the presidency of the newly formed provisional government.[29] The government was composed of civilian politicians from both the UDSG and BDG, such as Gondjout.[29] During the coup, he served as Minister of State.[24] The coup's leaders were content at restoring security for the civilians. The small Gabonese army did not intervene; composed mostly of French officers, they remained in their barracks.[30]
Second Lieutenant Ndo Edou gave instructions to transfer M'ba to Ndjolé, Aubame's electoral stronghold. However, due to heavy rain, the deposed president and his captors took shelter in an unknown village. The next morning they decided to take him over the easier road to Lambaréné. Several hours later, they returned to Libreville.[31] The new head of government contacted French ambassador Paul Cousseran, to assure him that the property of foreign nationals would be protected and to request against French military intervention.[32] In Paris, President Charles de Gaulle decided against the plea.[30]
M'ba was one of France's most loyal African allies, and during a visit to France in 1961, declared, "all Gabonese have two fatherlands: France and Gabon."[33][34] Moreover, under his regime, Europeans were particularly well treated.[34] The French authorities therefore decided, in accordance with signed Franco-Gabon agreements, to restore the legitimate government.[30] Intervention could not commence without a formal request to the Head of State of Gabon.[32] Since M'ba was imprisoned, the French contacted the Vice President of Gabon, Paul-Marie Yembit, who had not been arrested.[32] However, he remained unaccounted for; therefore, they decided to compose a predated letter confirming their intervention, that Yembit would later sign.[30] Less than 24 hours later, French troops stationed in Dakar and Brazzaville landed in Libreville and restored M'ba to power.[35][36] During the operation, a French soldier and 15 to 25 Gabonese died.[35]
Post coup d'état
[edit]Aubame and Gondjout fled Libreville, but were captured sometime before 20 February.[37] In August a trial of the rebels and provisional government was opened in Lambaréné.[38] A "state of precations" was imposed, which decreed that local government keep surveillance on suspected troublemakers and, if necessary, order curfew, and special permits were required to travel through the town. The trial was held in a school building overlooking the Ogooue River,[39] which was near Albert Schweitzer's hospital. Space at the hearing was limited, so members of the public were disallowed from attending. Permits were required to attend the trial, and family members were restricted to one permit each. Press coverage was limited, and journalists were allowed only if they represented a high-profile news agency. In addition, there were restrictions on the defence of the accused.[40]
During a trial which carried the death sentence as a maximum, the prosecution called 64 separate witnesses.[40] Aubame claimed he had formed his provisional government in a constitutional manner; at the request of members of the "putschists". He argued that the French intervention was effectively an illegal act of interference; a belief shared by both Gondjout and the former education minister, Jean Mare Ekoh. On 9 September, without consulting M'ba, Leon Auge handed down a verdict acquitting both Ekoh and Gondjout of all charges.[41]
Little is known of Goundjout's life between his 1966 acquittal and death on 1 July 1990, in Libreville.[42] He is buried in Libreville near his wife Odette (d. 2006), a former fashion model.[43] A secondary school has been established in his name.[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b "Assemblée Nationale du Gabon - Les anciens Présidents". Assemblée Nationale du Gabon. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Appiah & Gates 1999, p. 799
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Anciens sénateurs IVème République : Paul Gondjout", Senate of France (in French), 10 August 2008, archived from the original on 2009-11-07, retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Darlington & Darlington 1968, p. 46
- ^ Reed 1987, p. 292.
- ^ Yates 1996, p. 99.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Messi Me Nang Clotaire, N’Foule Mba Fabrice & Nnang Ndong Léon-Modeste Le consensus politique au Gabon, de 1960 à nos jours Archived 2015-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Laure Gondjout Secrétaire particulière du président", Jeune Afrique (in French), 5 January 2003, retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Polémique autour de la bourse du 1er trimestre au Lycée Paul Indjendjet Gondjout", Gaboneco.com (in French), 5 January 2008, archived from the original on 13 January 2010, retrieved 2008-09-18.
- ^ Geslin, Jean-Dominique (16 April 2006), "Georges Rawiri, un homme d'influence", Jeune Afrique (in French), retrieved 2008-09-18.
- ^ Reed 1987, p. 294.
- ^ Pederson, Nicholas (May 2000), French Involvement in Gabon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, archived from the original on September 2, 2007, retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ^ Reed 1987, p. 295.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Reed 1987, p. 296.
- ^ Yates 1996, p. 98.
- ^ Keese 2004, p. 162
- ^ Jump up to: a b Yates 1996, p. 105.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Bernault 1996, p. 300.
- ^ Biteghe 1990, p. 41.
- ^ Darlington & Darlington 1968, p. 47.
- ^ Carter & Sklar 1966, p. 258
- ^ Yates 1996, p. 106.
- ^ Giniger, Henry (20 February 1964), "Gabon Insurgents Yield as France Rushes in Troops", The New York Times, retrieved 2008-09-17.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Garrison, Lloyd (21 February 1964), "Gabon President Resumes Office", The New York Times, p. 1.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Bitegghe 1990 , p. 62
- ^ «Де Голль на помощь» , Time , 28 февраля 1964 года, архивировано из оригинала 1 декабря 2007 года , извлеченного 2008-09-07 .
- ^ «Дейд -день наступил, несправедливость превысила меру, эти люди терпеливы, но их терпение имеет ограничения ... она достигла конца».
- ^ Bite 1990 , p. 63.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Bitegghe 1990 , p. 64
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый (по-французски) Pesnot, Patrick (Producer) и Billoud, Michel (директор) (10 марта 2007 г.), 1964 год, Le Putsch не удалось против президента Léon M'ba of Gabon Archived 2007-06-20 в Archive.Today [Radio], Франция Интер . Получено 22 августа 2008 года.
- ^ Дарлингтон и Дарлингтон 1968 , с. 134
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Bitegghe 1990 , p. 19
- ^ «Все Габонцы имеют две родины: Франция и Габон».
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Bitegghe 1990 , p. 23
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Bernault 1996 , p. 19
- ^ Grundy, Kenneth W. (октябрь 1968 г.), «О Макиавелли и наемниках», Журнал современных африканских исследований , 6 (3): 295–310, doi : 10.1017/s0022278x00017420 , JSTOR 159300 , S2CID 154814661 .
- ^ Рут, Уэверли (21 февраля 1964 г.), « Нет жалости, без прощения», предупреждают Габон Повстанцы » , The Washington Post , p. A34, архивировав с оригинала 4 января 2013 года , извлечен 2008-09-08 .
- ^ Рид 1987 , с. 298
- ^ Мэтьюз 1966 , с. 127
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Мэтьюз 1966 , с. 128
- ^ Мэтьюз 1966 , с. 129
- ^ Дань первым президентам Национального собрания независимого Габона (на французском языке), Allafrica.com , 11 июля 2007 года , извлечено 2008-09-18 (требуется подписание) .
- ^ «Одетт Гондхет похоронен в эту субботу, свидетель истории Габона ушел» , Gabonnews (на французском языке), Министерство коммуникаций и информации Габона, 27 августа 2006 года, архивировано из оригинала 10 мая 2008 года , извлеченного 2008-09-18 Полем
Источники
[ редактировать ]- Аппия, Кваме Энтони ; Гейтс, Генри Луи -младший , ред. (1999), Африка: Энциклопедия опыта африканского и афроамериканцев , Нью -Йорк : основные книги , ISBN 978-0-465-00071-5 , OCLC 41649745 .
- Берно, Флоренция (1996), неоднозначные демократии в Центральной Африке: Конго-Брамзавилль, Габон, 1940-1965 (на французском языке), Париж: Картала, ISBN 978-2-86537-636-0 , OCLC 36142247 .
- Biteghe, Moses N'solé (1990), наносяте на унос солдат в Габоне в 1964 году (на французском языке), Париж: Чака, ISBN 978-2-907768-06-1 , OCLC 29518659 .
- Дарлингтон, Чарльз Фрэнсис; Дарлингтон, Алиса Б. (1968), Африканское предательство , Нью -Йорк, Нью -Йорк : D. McKay Co., OCLC 172139 .
- Картер, Гвендолен Маргарет; Склар, Ричард Л. (1966), Национальное единство и регионализм в восьми африканских государствах: Нигерия, Нигер, Конго, Габон, Центральная Африканская Республика, Чад, Уганда, Эфиопия , Итака, Нью -Йорк : издательство Корнелльского университета, OCLC 413211 .
- Gardinier, David E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. 199d Ed. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. ( E. 978-0-8108-1435-6 , OCLC 7462387 .
- Keese, Александр (2004), «Эволюция местного лидера в глазах французских администраторов: Леон М'ба и изменения в методах участия в местной власти в Габоне, 1922-1967» , Африка и история (по-французски ), 2 (1): 141–170, doi : 10.3917/afhi.002.0141 , ISSN 1764-1977 .
- Мэтьюз, Рональд (1966), Африканская кега порошка: восстание и инакомыслие в шести возникающих странах , Лондон: Бодли -Хед , OCLC 246401461 .
- Рид, Майкл С. (июнь 1987 г.), «Габон: неоколониальный анклав устойчивого французского интереса», Журнал современных африканских исследований , 25 (2), издательство Кембриджского университета : 283–320, doi : 10.1017/s0022278x00000392 , JSTOR 161015 , OCLC 77874468 , S2CID 153880808 .
- Yates, Douglas A. (1996), Государство Ренталь в Африке: зависимость от нефтяной арендной платы и неоколониализм в Республике Габон , Трентон, Нью -Джерси : Африка World Press, ISBN 978-0-86543-521-6 , OCLC 34543635 .
- 1912 Рождения
- 1990 Смерть
- Габонские политики 20-го века
- Президенты Национального собрания Габона
- Французские сенаторы Четвертой Республики
- Габонские заключенные и задержанные
- Заключенные и задержанные Габона
- Лидеры вытеснены переворотом
- Габонская демократическая партия политики
- Сенаторы французской экваториальной Африки