Diorhabda Carinata
| Diorhabda Carinata | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
| |
| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Членистоногие |
| Сорт: | Инсекта |
| Заказ: | Coleoptera |
| Семья: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | Diorhabda |
| Species: | D. carinata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Diorhabda carinata (Faldermann, 1837) [1]
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Diorhabda Carinata - это вид жука, известный как большой Tamarisk Beetle (более крупный Tamarisk Beetle), который питается тамарическими деревьями из Украины, Восточной индейки и Сирии на восток на северо -запад Китая, Кыргизстана и Пакистана, простирающихся до юго -юга Ирана. [ Примечание 1 ] Он используется в Северной Америке в качестве биологического агента по борьбе с вредителями против солкседчара или тамариска ( Tamarix spp.), Инвазивного вида в засушливых и полузасушливых экосистемах (где более крупный жук Тамариск и его близко родственные виды сестры также могут быть указаны в менее точно. в качестве «солянчарного жука», «Соляной листовой жук», «Соляный кедровой жук» или «Лист тамариска Жук '). [ 2 ]
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Более крупный жук тамариска был впервые описан в Cranscaucasus (Георгия и Азербайджан) как Галерука Карината Фалдерманн, 1837. [ 1 ] Рейх и Саулси поставили Г. Каринату в качестве младшего синоним для братьев и сестер Г. Элонгата Брулле ( Средиземноморский жук Тамариск , Diorhabda Elongata ). [ 3 ] Мы созданы родом Diorhabda в 1893 году и предложили цветовой вариант Diorhaba Elongata var. Карната (Faldermann), [ 4 ] И он также поместил родные виды Galeruca Carinulata desbrochers ( северный жук Тамариск , Diorhabda Carinulata ) в качестве младшего синоним этого варианта. Ян Бешине (1961) предложил подвид D. e. Карината перечисляет образцы из Афганистана. [5] Berti and Rapilly (1973) recognized D. carinata and D. carinulata as separate species from one another, and, by implication, as separate species from D. elongata, based on detailed morphology of the endophallus of the male genitalia.[6] Tracy and Robbins (2009)[2] confirmed the 1973 findings of Berti and Rapilly,[6] Далее охарактеризовал мужские и женские гениталии D. carinata и предоставлены иллюстрированные такси, ставшие более крупными тамарическими жуками от четырех видов братьев и сестер видовой группы D. elongata (Brullé): Diorhabda Elongata , Diorhabda Sublinea (Лукас), Diorhabda Carnulata и Diorhabda Meridionalis Berti и Rapilly. В литературе до 2009 года carnata обычно также называли D. elongata , или подвиды D. elongata D.
Host plants
[edit]Field collections in Eurasia reveal that the larger tamarisk beetle feeds on at least nine species of tamarisks, including Tamarix ramosissima which is widely invasive in western North America. The larger tamarisk beetle will severely defoliate tamarisk in Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.[2] Extensive laboratory host range studies verified that larger tamarisk beetle is a specialist feeder on tamarisks, feeding only on plants of the tamarisk family, Tamaricaceae. In laboratory and field cage studies, the larger tamarisk beetle will also feed and complete development on Frankenia shrubs, distant relatives of tamarisks in the same plant order Caryophyllales, but larger tamarisk beetle greatly prefer to lay eggs upon tamarisk.[7]
Life cycle
[edit]The larger tamarisk beetle overwinters as adults on the ground. Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding. Eggs are laid on tamarisk leaves and bark and hatch in about a week in warm weather. Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks when they crawl to the ground and spend about 5 days as a C-shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week. Adults emerge from pupae to complete the life cycle in about 4–5 weeks in the summer. Five generations of larger tamarisk beetle occur through spring and fall in central Texas.[8] Similar to the northern tamarisk beetle, adults begin to enter diapause in the late summer and early fall, ceasing reproduction and feeding to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter.[9] Larvae and adults are sensitive to shorter daylengths as the summer progresses that signal the coming of winter and induce diapause.[10] Robert Bartelt and Allard Cossé (USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois) found that male larger tamarisk beetle emit a putative aggregation pheromone, similar to that found in Diorhabda carinulata,[11] that could serve to attract both males and females to certain tamarisk trees.
Biological control agent
[edit]The larger tamarisk beetle is currently weakly established as a biological control agent for tamarisk in west Texas. Populations of larger tamarisk beetle from around 39°N latitude near Qarshi, Uzbekistan were initially released by the USDA Agricultural Research Service in west Texas in 2006. By 2008, the larger tamarisk beetle had defoliated about 0.2 hectares of tamarisk near Seymour, Texas. The larger tamarisk beetle may be better adapted to warm temperate grassland and desert habitats of west Texas than other Old World tamarisk beetles that are being introduced, such as the Mediterranean tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda elongata. The northern tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda carinulata, is probably better adapted to northern cold deserts in North America where it is widely established, and the subtropical tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda sublineata, may be better adapted to subtropical deserts.[2]
Tamarisk does not usually die from a single defoliation from tamarisk beetles, and it can resprout within several weeks of defoliation. Repeated defoliation of individual tamarisk trees can lead to severe dieback the next season and death of the tree within several years.[12] Tamarisk beetle defoliation over the course of at least one to several years can severely reduce the nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in the root crowns of tamarisk.[13] Biological control of tamarisk by the larger tamarisk beetle will not eradicate tamarisk but it has the potential to suppress tamarisk populations by 75–85%, after which both larger tamarisk beetle and tamarisk populations should reach equilibrium at lower levels.[12][14]
A primary objective of tamarisk biological control with the larger tamarisk beetle is to reduce competition by exotic tamarisk with a variety of native riparian flora, including trees (willows, cottonwoods, and honey mesquite), shrubs (wolfberry, saltbush, and baccharis), and grasses (alkali sacaton, saltgrass, and vinemesquite). Unlike expensive chemical and mechanical controls of tamarisk that often must be repeated, tamarisk biological control does not harm native flora and is self-sustaining in the environment. Recovery of native riparian grasses can be quite rapid under the once closed canopy of repeatedly defoliated tamarisk. However, tamarisk beetle defoliation can locally reduce nesting habitat for riparian woodland birds until native woodland flora are able to return. In some areas, tamarisk may be replaced by grasslands or shrublands, resulting in losses of riparian forest habitats for birds (Tracy and DeLoach 1999). Releases of tamarisk beetles in southern California, Arizona, and along the Rio Grande in western New Mexico, are currently delayed until concerns can be resolved regarding safety of tamarisk biological control to nesting habitats of the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii Audubon subspecies extimus Phillips, which will nest in tamarisk.[15]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Faldermann, F. 1837: Fauna entomologica Trans-Caucasica, II: Coleoptera. Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 5: 1–433. (In Latin)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tracy, J. L.; Robbins, T. O. 2009: Taxonomic revision and biogeography of the Tamarix-feeding Diorhabda elongata (Brullé, 1832) species group (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Galerucini) and analysis of their potential in biological control of Tamarisk. Zootaxa, 2101: 1-152. (PDF)
- ^ Reiche, L.; Saulcy, F. 1858: Espèces nouvelles ou peu connues de Colèoptères, recueillies par M.F. de Saulcy, member de l’Institute, dans son voyage en Orient, et dècrites par M. M. L. Reiche et Fèlicien de Saulcy. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Sér., 3, 6: 5–60. (In French)
- ^ Weise, J. 1893: Chrysomelidae. In: W. Erichson (ed.), Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschland, 61 (73): 961–1161. (In German)
- ^ Bechyné, J. 1961: Ergebnisse der Deutschen Afghanistan–Expedition 1956: Chrysomelidae, Galerucidae und Alticidae. Beiträge zur Naturkunde Forschung Südwestdeutschland, Karlsruhe, 19 (3): 255–257. (In German)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Berti, N.; Rapilly, M. 1973: Contribution a la faune de l’Iran; Voyages de MM. R. Naviaux et M. Rapilly (Col. Chrysomelidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 9 (4): 861–894. (In French)
- ^ Milbrath, L.; DeLoach, C. J. 2006: Host specificity of different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.). Biological Control, 36: 32–48. (PDF)
- ^ Milbrath, L.; DeLoach, C. J.; Tracy, J. L; 2007: Overwintering survival, phenology, voltinism, and reproduction among different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environmental Entomology, 36 (6): 1356–1364. (PDF)
- ^ Lewis, P. A.; DeLoach, C. J.; Knutson, A. E.; Tracy, J. L.; Robbins, T. O. 2003: Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the United States.[permanent dead link] Biological Control, 27: 101–116. (PDF)
- ^ Bean, D. W.; Keller, J. C. in prep.: Characteristics of diapause induction in populations of Diorhabda elongata collected from sites in Europe, Africa and Asia: Implications for tamarisk (Tamarix spp) biocontrol in North America. For publication in Biological Control.
- ^ Cossé, A. A.; Bartelt, R. J.; Zilkowski, B. W.; Bean, D. W.; Petroski, R. J. 2005: The aggregation pheromone of Diorhabda elongata, a biological control agent of saltcedar (Tamarix sp.): identification of two behaviorally active components. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31 (3): 657–670. (PDF)
- ^ Jump up to: a b DeLoach, C. J.; Carruthers, R. 2004: Biological control programs for integrated invasive plant management. In: Proceedings of Weed Science Society of America Meeting, Kansas City, MO. Weed Science Society of America (CD-ROM). 17 pp. (PDF)
- ^ Hudgeons, J. L.; Knutson, A. E.; Heinz, K. M.; DeLoach, C. J.; Dudley, T. L.; Pattison, R. R.; Kiniry, J. R. 2007: Defoliation by introduced Diorhabda elongata leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) reduces carbohydrate reserves and regrowth of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). Biological Control, 43: 213–221. (PDF)
- ^ Tracy, J. L.; DeLoach, C. J. 1999: Biological control of saltcedar in the United States: Progress and projected ecological effect. Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine In: C. E. Bell (ed.), Arundo and Saltcedar: The Deadly Duo, Proceedings of the Arundo and Saltcedar Workshop, 17 June 1998. Ontario, California, 111–154. (PDF)
- ^ Dudley, T. L. DeLoach, C. J. 2004: Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), endangered species, and biological weed control-can they mix? Weed Technology, 18 (5): 1542–1551. (PDF)
External links
[edit]
Data related to Diorhabda carinata at Wikispecies
Media related to Diorhabda carinata at Wikimedia Commons- Texas Agri-Life Extension Leaflet; Biological Control of Saltcedar (Uzbek source population, not mentioned, is D. carinata). PDF
- Texas Agri-Life Extension Newsletter; Beetle-Mania; Biological Control of Saltcedar in Texas, Volume 1, No. 2, Summer 2009 PDF
- Техасская программа исследований и расширения в Техасе; Биологический контроль солксакса: использование естественных врагов для борьбы с инвазивными сорняками, конкурирующими с водными ресурсами Техаса (население Узбекского источника, не упомянутое, является D. carinata ). PDF
- Служба сельскохозяйственных исследований USDA и Техасский отчет об области исследований и расширения в Техасе для общественности; Прогресс по биологическому контролю солксарса в западном США: акцент-Техас, 2004-2009. PDF
- Делоач, CJ; Carruthers, RI; Лович, JE; Дадли, TL; Smith, SD 2000: Экологические взаимодействия в биологическом контроле солксексара ( Tamarix spp.) В Соединенных Штатах: к новому пониманию. В NR Spencer (ed.), Труды X Международного симпозиума по биологическому контролю сорняков, 4–14 июля 1999 г., Университет штата Монтана. Бозман, Монтана, с. 819–873. (PDF)
