Гимнадена Conopsea
| Гимнадена Conopsea | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Genus: | Gymnadenia |
| Species: | G. conopsea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gymnadenia conopsea | |
Gymnadenia conopsea , широко известная как ароматная орхидея или ароматная орхидея , является травянистым растением семейства Orchidaceae, уроженца Северной Европы.
Этимология
[ редактировать ]Название рода Gymnadenia образуется из греческих слов γυμνός ( гимнары , «обнаженные») и ἀΔήν ( Adēn , «железа») и относится к характеристикам органов для секретания нектара. Конкретное латинское название «Conopsea» происходит от греческого κώνωψ ( Kónops ), буквально означающего «комароподобный», вероятно, из-за сходства длинной отростки цветка с мусорными частями комара .
Научное биномиальное название этого растения было изначально Orchis Conopsea , предложенное шведским натуралистом и ботанистом Карлом фон Линне (1707–1778) в его видовом Plantarum 1753 года. Название было впоследствии впоследствии в соответствии с тем, что он в настоящее время принят (Gymnadenia Conopsea), название было впоследствии, впоследствии в соответствии с теми, кто принят в настоящее время ( Gymnadenia ). британским ботанистом Робертом Брауном (1773–1858) в 1813 году. На немецком языке это растение называется Мюккен-Ханделвурц или Мюккен Нактдруз ; На французском языке называется Gymnadénie Moucheron или Orchis Moucheron ; В Италии это называется Манина Розоя («Розовая рука»); На хорватском он известен под Мрежасти Вранджаком .
Description
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Gymnadenia conopsea reaches on average 20–60 centimetres (7.9–23.6 in) of height, with a maximum of 80 centimetres (31 in). These plants are tuberous geophytes, as they bring their buds in underground tuber, organs that annually produce new stems, leaves and flowers. These orchids are "terrestrial" because unlike "epiphytic" species, they do not grow on other plants of major sizes.
The stem is leafy and robust, with a striated surface. The leaves are long, narrow and lanceolate and vary from 3 to 7. The leaf color is gray-green. Size of leaf: width 1 to 2 cm, length 10 – 25 cm.
These orchids have two ovoidal bulbs, deeply webbed and with many small and short lobes. Size of tubers: 1 to 3.5 cm.
The inflorescence is 5–25 centimetres (2.0–9.8 in) long and it is composed of flowers gathered in dense cylindrical spikes (up to 50 flowers per spike). These inflorescences are scented and genes underlying eugenol (a volatile scent compound) production have been identified in Gymnadenia conopsea, G. odoratissima and G. densiflora.[1] The flowers are petiolated, placed in the axils of long bracts and reach on average 0.8–1.4 centimetres (0.31–0.55 in). They have a distinctive three lobed lip and long spurs. Their light scent is similar to cloves. Their colors vary from white and pink to pink-purple, more rarely white. These flowers bloom in the Summer, from June to July. They are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects (entomophily), including moths.
Ecology
[edit]The species is almost exclusively pollinated by moths (Lepidoptera). The most common pollinators are the small elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila porcellus), hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum), silver Y (Autographa gamma), burnished brass (Diachrysia chrysitis) and large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba). Fruit set is high with an average of 73%.
The seed's germination is conditioned by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. Gymnadenia conopsea is held to be a mycorrhizal generalist, able to form associations with a variety of different fungal species including species in the Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae and Pezizales.[2][3]
Distribution
[edit]This plant is quite common throughout northern Europe with the exception of the Dinaric Alps. In Asia it is common in areas to the north of the Himalayas. Gymnadenia conopsea ssp. borealis has been recorded from Co. Donegal, Ireland in 2004.[4]
Habitat
[edit]This species' habitat includes mountain meadows and pastures, grassland and fens. They grow on siliceous and calcareous substrate, mildly damp and with low nutritional value, at an altitude of 0–2,400 metres (0–7,874 ft) above sea level.
Subspecies
[edit]- Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. conopsea
- Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. montana Bisse
Synonyms
[edit]- Gymnadenia alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Czerep. 1981
- Gymnadenia anisoloba Peterm. 1849
- Gymnadenia comigera Rchb. 1830
- Gymnadenia gracillima Schur 1871
- Gymnadenia ibukiensis Makino 1912
- Gymnadenia orchidis var. pantlingii Renz 2001
- Gymnadenia ornithis Rich. 1818
- Gymnadenia pseudoconopsea Gren. Rouy 1912
- Gymnadenia pyrenaica Giraudias 1882
- Gymnadenia sibirica Turcz. ex Lindl. 1835
- Gymnadenia splendida Dworschak 2002
- Gymnadenia splendida subsp. odorata Dworschak 2002
- Gymnadenia transsilvanica Schur 1866
- Gymnadenia vernalis Dworschak 2002
- Gymnadenia wahlenbergii Afzel. ex Rchb.f. 1851
- Habenaria conopsea (L.) Benth. (1880)
- Habenaria gymnadenia Druce 1897
- Orchis conopea Gras 1862
- Orchis conopsea L. 1753
- Orchis cornopica Mill. 1768
- Orchis ornithis Jacq. 1774
- Orchis peloria Foucault ex Poir. 1816
- Orchis pseudoconopea Gren. 1869
- Orchis pseudo-conopsea Gren. 1865
- Orchis pseudoconopsea J.Parm. 1894
- Orchis setacea Gilib. 1792
- Orchis suaveolens Salisb. 1796
- Satyrium conopseum (L.) Wahlenb. 1826[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Gupta A K, Schauvinhold I, Pichersky E, and Schiestl F P.2014. Eugenol synthase genes in floral scent variation in Gymnadenia species.14(4)779-788.doi10.1007/s10142-014-0397-9
- ^ "Journal of Ecology - Orchid coexistence and mycorrhizal associations". doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01998.x. S2CID 82584331.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Stark, Christiane; Babik, Wiesław; Durka, Walter (2009). "Fungi from the roots of the common terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia conopsea". Mycological Research. 113 (9): 952–959. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.05.002. PMID 19486943.
- ^ Ennis, T. 2018 . A cream yellow form of the Heath Fragrant Orchid Gymnadenia conopsea ssp. borealis (Druce) F.Rose in Co. Donegal Irish Naturalist' Journal 35(2) pp 119 - 120
- ^ Synonyms in The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia at Orchidspecies
- Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia (3 voll.) - Edagricole – 1982, Vol. III
- Tutin, T.G. et al. - Flora Europaea, second edition - 1993
- CLAESSENS, J. & J. KLEYNEN (2011): The flower of the European Orchid – Form and function
External links
[edit]
Media related to Gymnadenia conopsea at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Gymnadenia conopsea at Wikispecies- Biolib
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