Норильский восстание
| Норильский восстание | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Часть восстаний Гулага во время де-сталинизации | |||||||
| |||||||
| Воинственники | |||||||
 Заключенные | |||||||
| Командиры и лидеры | |||||||
|
Павел Френкель Mikhail Izmailov Борис Шамаев Иван Воробиев Evgeny Gritsyak Pavel Filnev Aleksandra Zelenskaya |
Mikhail Kuznetsov Александр Сироткин Ivan Semyonov | ||||||
| Сила | |||||||
| 16,378 people | No data | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1,000 people killed and wounded | No data | ||||||
было Восстание Норильска главным ударом заключенных Гулага в Горлаге , специального лагеря MVD для политических заключенных , а затем в двух лагерях Norillag [ITL], Норильске , СССР , ныне Россия , летом 1953 года, вскоре после Иосифа Сталина, СССР, Россия, вскоре после этого. Смерть. Около 70% [ 1 ] Из заключенных были украинцы , некоторые из которых были приговорены в течение 25 лет из -за обвинений в MGB в участии в « стандарте Bandera ». [ 1 ] Это было первое крупное восстание в системе ГУЛАГ в 1953–1954 гг. [ 2 ] Хотя ранее многочисленные случаи беспорядков в лагерях Гулага известны. Его возглавлял Павел Френкиэль в 1 -м лагере, Борис Шамаев в 3 -м лагере, Йевен Хрицьяк в 4 -м лагере, Павел Филнев в 5 -м лагере и Леси Зеленска в 6 -м лагере. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
История
[ редактировать ] |
Between May 26 and August 4, 1953, the inmates of the Gorlag-Main camp went on worker' strike, which lasted 69 days. This was the longest uprising in the history of the Gulag. According to Soviet archives, there were up to 16,378 inmates on strike at the same time. It is significant that the uprising took place before the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria and its suppression coincided with news of his arrest. The preconditions for the uprising can be seen as the following: the arrival of waves of prisoners to the Gorlag, who had participated in the uprisings of 1952, the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953, and the fact that the amnesty that followed his death only applied to (non-political) criminals and convicts with short prison terms, the percentage of which was very low in Gorlag. There were two camp systems in vicinity of Norilsk. The majority of inmates in special camp Gorlag had been convicted for political crimes. The majority of prisoners in Norillag belonged to non-political criminals, so called bytoviki. The uprising was provoked by the shooting of several prisoners on the orders of the camp administration. All categories of inmates took part in the uprising, with the leading roles played by former military men and participants of national liberation movements of western Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Georgia.
The inmates did not have any weapons, although initially during the inquest it was suggested by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to classify the uprising as "an anti-Soviet armed counter-revolutionary uprising". (Eventually the Soviet court used the term "mass insubordination of the inmates to the camp administration".) The action was not simply a strike: actions included a wide spectrum of nonviolent forms of protest within the Soviet law: meetings, letters to government, hunger strikes. For this reason, the term "Uprising of the Spirit"[4] was suggested, as a form of nonviolent protest against the Gulag system.[1] An account of life in the Norlisk Gulag, and the uprising, can be found in the memoirs of inmate Danylo Shumuk.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c Фініковський, Ю. (2020). Участь Данила Шумука у Норильському повстанні 1953 року (Рarticipation of Danylo Shumuk in the Norilsk uprising). Наукові записки Національного університету «Острозька академія». Серія «Історичні науки», (Вип. 30), 98-104.
- ^ William D. Pederson, "Norilsk Uprising of 1953," Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History (Gulf Breeze, Florida: Academic International Press, 1976) Vol. 25
- ^ Leader Of 1953 Soviet Gulag Uprising Dies In Ukraine At 90
- ^ Jump up to: a b Makarova, Alla. Norilsk uprising. Volya. A Journal of prisoners of totalitarian systems. 1993. # 1. pp. 68–108. (In Russian), Макарова А. Б., Норильское восстание // "Воля", журнал узников тоталитарных систем 1993, № 1, с. 68–108 [1]
- ^ № 117–187 Волнения заключенных Горного лагеря (24 мая - 7 июля 1953 г.) // История Сталинского ГУЛАГа. Восстания, бунты и забастовки заключенных. Т. 6. М.: РОССПЭН. С. 320–413.
- ^ Shumuk, Danylo (1984). Jaworsky, Ivan (ed.). Life Sentence: Memoirs of a Ukrainian Political Prisoner Za skhidnim obriiem. Translated by Jaworsky, Ivan; Kowalska, Halya (1st ed.). Canada: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. pp. 183–285. ISBN 0920862195.
External links
[edit]- History of the Norilsk Uprising – A Brief Record of Events", a memoir by Yevhen Hrytsyak (Євген Грицяк) (in Ukrainian)
- IEvhen Hrytsiak, "The Norilsk uprising: Short memoirs", Munchen, Ukrainisches Institut fur Bildungspolitik (1984) 63p.