Две ошибки резня
| Две ошибки резня | |
|---|---|
| Часть Гватемальской гражданской войны | |
  Две ошибки Две ошибки резня (Гватемала) | |
| Расположение | Две ошибки, Гватемала |
| Дата | 6–8 декабря 1982 г |
| Цель | Гражданские лица DOS Erres |
Тип атаки | Резня |
| Летальные исходы | 200+ |
| Преступники |  Кайбилс |
| Осужден |
|
DOS ошибается в резне Erres, небольшой деревне в муниципалитете Лабертада , в северном Гватемалы департаменте на севере от 6 декабря 1982 года в Dos . Название деревни, иногда даваемое как «Лас -Дос ошибки», буквально означает «два рупий», происходящие от двух братьев по имени Руано, который получил первоначальный грант на землю. [ 1 ]
6 декабря 1982 года, во время фактического президентства генерала Эфраина Риоса Монтта , более 200 человек погибли в результате ошибок в DOS коммандос, работающими в качестве правительственных сил в рамках политики ожженной земли правительства , в которой до 200 000 коренных народов и майя народа . Полем [ 1 ]
В декабре 2011 года президент Альваро Колом сделал официальные извинения за резню от имени правительства Гватемала. Месяцы спустя четыре солдата были приговорены к 6060 годам тюрьмы за свою участие в резне. [ 2 ] В марте 2012 года пятый солдат, Педро Пиментел Риос, был приговорен к 6060 годам тюремного заключения за участие в мероприятиях. [ 3 ] Осенью 2013 года Хорхе Виницио Соса Орантес, «один из лейтенантов» коммандос, был признан виновным в мошенничестве с иммиграцией в суде в Калифорнии и приговорен к 10 годам тюремного заключения. Другой солдат, который позже стал натурализованным американцем, Гилберто Джорданом, был признан виновным в мошенничестве с натурализацией в сентябре 2010 года. Он также получил 10-летний срок и с тех пор был депортирован в Гватемалу. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
События декабря 1982 года
[ редактировать ]In October 1982, guerrillas ambushed an army convoy near Palestina, in the vicinity of Dos Erres. They killed 21 soldiers and took 19 rifles. On 4 December, a contingent of 58 Kaibiles (the elite special forces commandos of the Guatemalan Army) was flown into the area. The following day, they received orders to disguise themselves as guerrillas, deploy to Dos Erres and kill the inhabitants, who were considered guerrilla sympathizers. Dressed as guerrillas, the Kaibiles arrived in the hamlet at 02:30 hrs on 6 December. They forced the inhabitants out of their homes, corralling the men in the schoolhouse and the women and children in the hamlet's two churches. A subsequent search uncovered no sign of weapons or guerrilla propaganda. At 06:00, officers consulted superiors by radio, then informed the commandos they would be "vaccinating" the inhabitants after breakfast.[1]
In the early afternoon, the Kaibiles separated out the children, and began killing them. They raped women and girls, and ripped the fetuses out of pregnant women. They bashed the smallest children's heads against walls and trees, and killed the older ones with hammer blows to the head. A baby was the first to be killed, by dumping the baby live into a deep 4 meter well, along with the rest of the bodies then after. Then the commandos interrogated the men and women one by one, raped some of the women again, then shot or bashed them with the hammer, and dumped them in the well. The massacre continued throughout 7 December. On the morning of 8 December, as the Kaibiles were preparing to leave, another 15 persons, among them children, arrived in the hamlet. With the well already full, they took the newcomers to a location half an hour away, then shot all but two of them. They kept two teenage girls for the next few days, raping them repeatedly and finally strangling them. Only one person survived this massacre, a small child who managed to escape.[1]
Judicial proceedings
[edit]In 1994 a case was presented in Guatemala to investigate and bring to trial those responsible for the massacre. However, the case remained paralyzed in Guatemala's justice system and showed no signs of progress.[6]
In 2000, President Alfonso Portillo admitted government responsibility for the massacre. He acknowledged the deaths of 226 victims at the hands of state agents, asked for forgiveness on behalf of the state, and presented survivors' groups with a cheque totaling US$1.82 million.[6][7]
In 2009, the IACHR held that the amnesty law of 1996 did not apply to the most serious crimes committed during the civil war.[8] This was followed by investigations in the United States against people suspected of involvement in the massacre.[8] In May 2010, Gilberto Jordan, naturalized American and former member of the Kaibiles special forces, was accused of involvement in the massacre and arrested in Florida by U.S. Immigration and Customs officers.[9] On 16 September 2010, after his role in the massacre was established in a Miami court, Jordan was convicted for naturalization fraud and sentenced to 10 years in prison.[5][10]
In January 2011, Jorge Vinicio Orantes Sosa, another former Kaibil member suspected to be involved in the massacre, was arrested in Alberta on charges of lying to immigration authorities. In September 2011, US authorities formally requested Sosa's extradition from Canada to the United States to face charges of making a false statement and unlawful procurement of citizenship, with regards to his arrival from Guatemala to the United States a few years after the massacre. Sosa, who holds both Canadian and American citizenship is also wanted by Guatemalan authorities.[11] On 21 September 2012, Canada extradited Sosa to the United States, where he stood trial for immigration fraud. He was found guilty and received a 10-year sentence. Sosa also had his US citizenship revoked. He was released from prison on 26 July 2019.[12][13][14] Sosa is now residing in Canada, and has yet to be deported.[15]
On 25 July 2011, the office of Attorney General Claudia Paz y Paz began a trial in Guatemala City against four former soldiers of the Kaibiles special forces accused of participating in the massacre.[16] On 2 August 2011, a court found the four soldiers, Manuel Pop, Reyes Collin Gualip, Daniel Martínez Hernández and Lieutenant Carlos Carías guilty of the massacre.[17] They were each sentenced to over 6,000 years in prison.[18][19][20]
On 12 March 2012, Pedro Pimentel Rios was sentenced to a symbolic 6,060 years in prison for his part in the massacre.[21] On 25 May 2012, the American public radio show This American Life aired an episode entitled "What Happened at Dos Erres" which covered the story of a survivor of the massacre, Oscar Ramirez.[22] It was based on a series of articles by ProPublica,[23] which later served as the basis for a 2017 documentary called "Finding Oscar."[24]
A sixth former soldier, Santos Lopez, was convicted of killing 171 people during the massacre. He was sentenced in November 2018 to a symbolic 5,160 years in prison.[25] Among those who testified against him was Ramiro Osorio Cristales, who was 5 years old when his family was murdered during the massacre.[26] Lopez subsequently kidnapped and raised Cristales in an abusive household for the next 13 years. Cristales eventually escaped and sought asylum in Canada, where he currently resides.[27][28]
On 3 March 2020, Gilberto Jordan, 64, was removed by officers with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) in Miami.[29] Gilberto Jordan, arrived in Guatemala escorted by ERO officers. Upon arrival, Jordan was immediately turned over to Guatemalan law enforcement officials.[30]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d CEH [Comisión de Esclarecimiento Histórico] (1999). "Caso ilustrativo no. 31 – Masacre de las Dos Erres". Guatemala, Memoria del silencio (online reproduction by the Science and Human Rights Program of the AAAS). Guatemala City: CEH. ISBN 99922-54-00-9. OCLC 47279275. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Guatemala apologises for massacre". 15 December 2011 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Guatemala Dos Erres massacre soldier given 6,060 years". BBC. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Dos Erres Conviction". This American Life. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Former Guatemalan Special Forces Soldier Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison for Making False Statements on Naturalization Forms Regarding 1982 Massacre of Guatemalan Villagers". United States Department of Justice. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Amnesty International (5 December 2008). "Still no justice for Guatemala massacre victims after 26 years". amnesty.org.
- ^ BBC News (25 July 2011). "Guatemala Las Dos Erres civil war massacre trial begins". BBC. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Matt McAllester, US rounds up Guatemalans accused of war crimes, Global Post, 5 mai 2010
- ^ Former Guatemalan Soldier Arrested for Alleged Role in Dos Erres Massacre, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book n°316, 7 mai 2010
- ^ "U.S. Bureau of Prisons website profile of Gilberto Jordan; BOP# 73526-004; projected/actual release date: March 23, 2019". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- ^ "Jorge Vinicio Orantes Sosa, Accused Guatemalan War Criminal, Ordered Deported To U.S." HuffPost. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ "Former Guatemalan Special Forces Officer Sentenced for Covering up Involvement in 1982 Massacre". www.justice.gov. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "Ex-Guatemalan Soldier Charged With Lying". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ "Masacre Dos Erres: Comienza juicio a exsoldado guatemalteco en EEUU | Radio Emisoras Unidas - en línea desde Guatemala". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Victim of a massacre, his call for help is ignored by the Canadian government". Newswire.CA.
- ^ BBC News (25 July 2011). "Guatemala Las Dos Erres civil war massacre trial begins". .bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ Prensa Libre. (2 August 2011). Condenan a 6 mil 60 años de prisión a exkaibiles por masacre Dos Erres Archived 3 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Guatemala Dos Erres massacre soldiers sentenced". BBC News. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ Noticias de Guatemala. (4 August 2011). La ONU expresa satisfacción por la sentencia emitida contra cuatro ex militares Archived 8 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Guatemalan Soldiers Sentenced to 6,060 Years in Prison for Role in 1982 Massacre". Democracy Now!.
- ^ "Guatemalan jailed for 6,060 years". 13 March 2012 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "What Happened at Dos Erres". This American Life. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "Finding Oscar". ProPublica. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "Finding Oscar". Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "Ex-Soldier Gets 5,160 Years in Prison for Guatemala Massacre". The New York Times. 22 November 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "Ex-soldier sentenced to 5,160 years". BBC News. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ "BBC World Service - Witness, Adopted by the Man Who Killed My Family". BBC. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ «Выживший» . CBC . Получено 24 марта 2019 года .
- ^ «ICE устраняет бывшего члена Гватемальской армии, связанной с резней 1982 года» . www.ice.gov . Получено 6 апреля 2020 года .
- ^ «ICE устраняет бывшего члена Гватемальской армии, связанной с резней 1982 года» . www.ice.gov . Получено 6 апреля 2020 года .
- Самая ранняя версия повествования о резне была изменена и отредактирована из Гватемалы: Кайбилс и резня в Las Dos Erres , об общественном доступе документ с запросом на информацию об информации о службах гражданства и иммиграции США .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Что случилось в Dos Erres? , Эта американская жизнь, май 2012
- Поиск Оскара: Резня, память и справедливость в Гватемале , Propublica
- Как СМИ получили неправильную резню Гватемалу . Настоящие новости , 2 августа 2013 г.
- Усыновлен человеком, который убил мою семью . BBC World Service ( свидетелей ), 6 декабря 2018 г. программа