Музыка на арабском тунисском языке
Музыка на арабском языке Туниса появилась в 17 веке. Он много развивался с 19-го века и распространился по всему Тунису в основном после создания радиоуниса и établissement de la radiodiffusion-télévision tunisienne . В настоящее время Тунисский арабский язык стал основным языком песен в Тунисе, включая тунисскую музыку , подземную музыку и оперу .
Начало
[ редактировать ]Самая старая лирика, найденная на арабском языке Туниса, датируется 17 -м веком. [ 1 ] автором был Шейх Абу Эль-Хасан Эль-Каррей, который умер в 1693 году в квартале Медины Сфакс Их , и написал стихотворение на арабском языке Туниса в течение юности: [ 2 ]
Я был врагом |
ɛaddīt fī ṣugr ɛaddīt, |
Я прошел детство |
Более того, еще одно тунисское арабское стихотворение было написано позже в 17 -м веке, чтобы сослаться на качества Каррай: [ 1 ]
خموسي يا كراي قاصد ليك بـنية |
xmūsī yā karrāy qāṣid līk b- niyya |
Saint Karray, I believe in you. |
The effective beginning of songs written in Tunisian Arabic was in the early 19th century, when Tunisian Jews in the Beylik of Tunis began writing songs in Tunisian Arabic about love, betrayal and other libertine subjects.[1][3] The current strengthened at the beginning of the 20th century and affected the Tunisian ma'luf and folklore.[1] Judeo-Tunisian song flowered in the 1930s, with such Jewish artists as Cheikh El Afrit and Habiba Msika.[3][4]
This tendency was promoted by the creation of Radio Tunis in 1938,[4] which allowed many musicians to better disseminate their works and helped spread the use of Tunisian Arabic in songs.[4] The pioneers of Tunisian Arabic song between 1930 and 1950 drew most of their inspiration from traditional Tunisian music, oriental or to occidental colors were Kaddour Srarfi, Hedi Jouini, Saliha, Salah El Mahdi, Hassiba Rochdi, Fethia Khaïri, Hassiba Rochdi, Mohamed Triki, Mohamed Jamoussi, Sadok Thraya and Ali Riahi.[4]
The rise of Tunisian formal songs
[edit]Following the creation of the ERTT broadcasting organization in 1966,[5] a generation of composers and interpreters, mostly working in the ERTT orchestra, emerged.[5] In this wave, the range occupies a prominent place. Kalaï Ridha, Salah El Mahdi (regarded as a disciple of Tarnane), Kaddour Srarfi, Ali Shalgham, Chedly Anwar, Abdelhamid Sassi and others helped to train several singers, including Naâma, Oulaya, Zouheïra Salem, Soulef, Safia Chamia, Youssef Temimi, Mustapha Charfi, Hana Rached, Choubeila Rached, Ezzeddine Idir and many others.[5]
Tahar Gharsa (another disciple of Tarnane) worked to promote the characteristically modal and rhythmic traditional music written with Tunisian Arabic lyrics.[5] The director Raoul Journo, in the same line,[5] is a judeo-Tunisian singer, distinguished by his interpretation of taâlila (traditional songs associated with birth, circumcision, marriage and other rites).[5] This kind of music developed under the National Troupe of Music, created in the early 1980s.[6]
The rise of Tunisian popular songs
[edit]At the same time, popular music developed in the early 19th century, using Tunisian Arabic poems accompanied by Tunisian musical instruments.[3][7] Popular music includes Rboukh that is accompanied by a Mezoued,[8] Salhi that is accompanied by a Ney[8] and Sufi music that are religious songs mainly accompanied by Tambourins.[8] This kind of music was promoted by the National Troupe of the Popular Arts, created in 1962.[9] Later adaptation and promotion of popular songs, especially by Ahmed Hamza and later Kacem Kefi, further developed Tunisian music.[5] Natives of Sfax, they were both influenced by Mohamed Ennouri and Mohamed Boudaya, leading masters of popular music in that city.[1][5] Nowadays, this kind of music is very popular.[10]
Tunisian Arabic became the main variety used in writing lyrics of songs in Tunisia and even the main technical words in music have their synonyms in Tunisian Arabic.[1]
Underground and alternative music
[edit]In the early 1990s, underground music in Tunisian Arabic appeared.[11] This mainly consisted of rap and was not successful in the beginning because of the lack of media coverage.[11] Tunisian Underground music became successful in the 2000s, thanks to its spread over the Internet, and came to involve other alternative genres like reggae and rock.[11][12] Underground music reached a height of popularity during and just after the Tunisian Revolution of 2011, as it spoke to the dire social matters faced by people in Tunisia.[11][13]
In 2014, the first opera songs in Tunisian Arabic had appeared.[14] They were the ones of Yosra Zekri that were written by Emna Rmilli and composed by Jalloul Ayed.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f (in French) Fakhfakh, N. (2007). Le répertoire musical de la confrérie religieuse" al-Karrâriyya" de Sfax (Tunisie) (Doctoral dissertation, Paris8).
- ^ (in Arabic) KARRÂY, Abû-l-Hassan al-. "Dîwân Abi-l-Hassan al-KARRÂY" in Fakhfakh, N. (2007). Le répertoire musical de la confrérie religieuse" al-Karrâriyya" de Sfax (Tunisie) (Doctoral dissertation, Paris8).
- ^ Jump up to: a b c (in French) Manoubi Snoussi, Initiation à la musique tunisienne, vol. I " Musique classique ", Tunis, Centre des musiques arabes et méditerranéennes Ennejma Ezzahra, 2004
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d (in French) Hamadi Abassi, Tunis chante et danse. 1900–1950, Tunis/Paris, Alif/Du Layeur, 2001
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h (in French) Tahar Melligi, Les immortels de la chanson tunisienne, Carthage Dermech, MediaCom, 2000 (ISBN 978-9973-807-16-8 )
- ^ (на арабском языке) Алчурук команда (2005). Национальная труппа музыки: средства реализации. Однако ... Алчурук, 18 июня 2005 г.
- ^ (по французскому) Mucem (2005). Cornemuse Mezwed. Cornemuses of Europe и Средиземноморье, версия 2005
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в (по -французски) El Mahdi, S. (1995). Фольклорика Данса в Туниси. Южная устная музыка: международный журнал. I. Музыка и танец аграрного продуктивного цикла в средиземноморском бассейне. II Музыка Аль-Андалуса, (1), 108-115.
- ^ (на арабском языке) Бен Нхила, А. (2011). Необходим рекрутирование: национальная труппа популярного искусства. Алчурук, 22 марта 2011 г.
- ^ Barone, S. (2015). Металлические идентичности в Тунисе: местность, ислам, революция. Международная академическая конференция, IAC 2015
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Нил Карри, «Рэперы Туниса обеспечивают саундтрек к революции», CNN , 2 Mars 2011
- ^ (по -французски) Almi, H. (2009). «Рок -сцена в Тунисе». Réalités , 21 Avril 2009 Archived 2018-07-19 на The Wayback Machine
- ^ Далладжи, И. (2015). Тунисская рэп-музыка и арабская весна: революционные гимны и постволюционные тенденции. Исследования Orient-Institut 2, с. 1–13
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный (по -французски) Саяди, Х. (2014). Незаконченный вкус, международный фестиваль симфонической музыки Эль Джема "Dreams of Tunis" Джаллула Айеда. Тунисская пресса , 02 сентября 2014 года.