Afraflacilla Arabica
| Afraflacilla Arabica | |
|---|---|
| |
| Связанный афрафлацилла groyorum | |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Членистоногие |
| Субфилум: | Chelicerata |
| Сорт: | Арахнид |
| Заказ: | Пауки |
| Инфрамерс: | Araneomorphae |
| Семья: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Afraflacilla |
| Species: | A. arabica
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| Binomial name | |
| Afraflacilla arabica Wesołowska & van Harten, 1994
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Afraflacilla Arabica - это вид в прыжкового паука роду Afraflacilla , который живет в Афганистане, Иране и Йемене. Паук был впервые описан в 1994 году Вандой Весововской и Антониусом Ван Хартеном. Паук имеет маленький до среднего размера, с удлиненным коричневым панциром , длиной от 1,7 до 1,85 и овальной серовато-коричневой живота от 2,25 до 3,0 мм. мужчины, Самки и самцы похожи внешне, различающиеся в основном в более крупных и толстых коричневых передних ногах которые укрепляют стридулирующие аппараты. Остальная часть ног меньше и желтая. Женщина также немного легче. У пауков есть отличительные органы копалации . У мужчины есть длинная эмболия , простирающаяся вокруг лампы Пальпала . У самки есть широкие протоки инминации, небольшие сперматеки и большие вспомогательные железы .
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Afraflacilla Arabica - это прыгающий сон , который впервые был описан Вандой Весол и Антонией Ван Хартен в 1994 году. [ 1 ] Это один из более чем 500 видов, идентифицированных польской ученым Весоловской во время своей карьеры, что заставляет ее стать одним из самых плодовитых в этой области. [ 2 ] Они выделяли его роду Afraflacilla , сначала ограниченную Лейкеном Бетлендом и Жаком Милло в 1941 году. Род только недавно был восстановлен Мареком Забкой , впитывался в род Pseudicius, основанный на сходстве между родами. [3] First circumscribed by Eugène Simon in 1885,Pseudicius is named after two Greek words that can be translated false and honest.[4]
The confusion between Afraflacilla and Pseudicius arose again in 1996. In that year, Wesołowska synonymised Afraflacilla arabica with Pseudicius braunsi based on a specimen found in Turkmenistan in 1987.[5][6] in 2005, Dmitri Logunov and Mehrdad Zamanpoore again defined the species as valid, but under the name Pseudicius arabicus, based on examples found in Afghanistan. While recognising difficulties with this, including the fact that they did not have access to a male and female found together, they saw sufficient difference between the examples they did have access to, particularly the female, to make the judgement.[7] This was disputed by Wesołowska and van Harten in 2007, who stated that the Afghan male example not to be a member of the species. However, this meant that Pseudicius arabicus was defined just by the examples they had first discovered.[8] In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński moved the species back to the genus Afraflacilla on the basis of the shape of the copulatory organs. It was one of more than 40 species that were transferred between the two genera at the time. This took the species back to its original name.[9]
Prószyński allocated the genus to the Pseudiciines group of genera in 2017, which was named after the genus Pseudicius.[10] They can be distinguished from other jumping spiders by their flattened and elongated body and characteristic colour patterns.[11] The genus is a member of the tribe Chrysillini, which had previously known as Heliophaninae.[12] It is ubiquitous across most continents of the world.[13] Chrysillines are monophyletic.[14] The tribe is a member of the clade Saltafresia within the subfamily Salticoida.[14] Logunov and Zamanpoore speculated that the species may be the same as Pseudicius asoroticus based on the similarity of the species apart from the insemination ducts on the female but this is not proven.[7]
Description
[edit]Afraflacilla arabica is a small flattened spider. The male has a carapace that is typically 1.7 mm (0.07 in) long and 1.4 mm (0.06 in) wide. It is brown with a covering of short dark hairs. The eye field is darker, nearly black, with a few brown bristles around the eyes themselves. The spider's face, or clypeus, is very low. It has brown mouthparts, including its chelicerae, labium and maxilae. The underside of the carapace, or sternum, is also brown. The oval abdomen is an elongated oval typically 3.0 mm (0.12 in) long and 1.4 mm (0.06 in) wide. It has a greyish-brown topside with an indistinct yellow pattern. The underside is light. It has dark spinnerets. The legs are generally yellow apart from the first pair, which are larger, thicker and brown. The spider has stridulatory apparatus that is typical for the genus. The spider rubs its front legs against a row of fine hairs on the side of the carapace. It has distinctive copulatory organs. The pedipalps are brown.[15] There is a straight projection, or apophyses on the tibia. A long thin embolus curves out from the bottom and over the top of the palpal bulb.[16]
The female is very similar to the male. The carapace is larger, typically 1.85 mm (0.07 in) long and 1.28 mm (0.05 in) wide, and the abdomen is smaller, typically 2.25 mm (0.09 in) long and 1.35 mm (0.05 in) wide. The carapace is generally a lighter brown but is otherwise similar. The mouthparts are similar. The abdomen is also similar on the topside, although the underside is yellow. Unlike in the male, the front pair of legs are similar to the others. They are all yellow with brown patches visible near the leg joints.[7] The copulatory openings lead to wide insemination ducts and small spermathecae. There are large accessory glands.[17]
The species is similar to others in the genus, many of which have also been previously allocated to the genus Pseudicius. It can be distinguished by its copulatory organs. For example, the male differs from Afraflacilla altera, Afraflacilla bamakoi and Afraflacilla similis in the shape of the palpal bulb and form of the apophysis.[15][18]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Afraflacilla arabica lives in Afghanistan, Iran and Yemen.[1] The male holotype was found near Sanaa, Yemen, in 1991.[15] The first to be discovered living in Afghanistan, and the first example of a female, was found in 1963 in Kabul.[7] The first example to be identified in Iran was found near Kerman in 1970.[19]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c World Spider Catalog (2017). "Afraflacilla arabica Wesołowska & van Harten, 1994". World Spider Catalog. 23.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ^ Wesołowska & van Harten 1994, p. 7.
- ^ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 129.
- ^ Wesołowska 1996, p. 38.
- ^ Wesołowska & van Harten 2007, p. 190.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Logunov & Zamanpoore 2005, p. 228.
- ^ Wesołowska & van Harten 2007, pp. 252–253.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 43.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 36.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 42.
- ^ Maddison 2015, pp. 247, 252.
- ^ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 541.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Wesołowska & van Harten 1994, p. 4.
- ^ Wesołowska & van Harten 1994, p. 6.
- ^ Logunov & Zamanpoore 2005, p. 229.
- ^ Wesołowska 2000, p. 169.
Bibliography
[edit]- Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" [The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae)]. Revista ibérica de Aracnología (in Spanish) (22): 125–130. ISSN 1576-9518.
- Logunov, Dmitri V.; Vazirianzadeh, Babak; Moravvej, Sayed Abbas; Navidpour, Shahrokh (2006). "New faunistic records of the jumping and crab spiders (Aranei: Salticidae, Thomisidae and Philodromidae) from Iran". Arthropoda Selecta. 15 (3): 225–228.
- Logunov, Dmitri V.; Zamanpoore, Mehrdad (2005). "Salticidae (Araneae) of Afghanistan: an annotated check-list, with descriptions of four new species and three new synonymies". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 13 (6): 217–232.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Wesołowska, Wanda (1996). "New data on the jumping spiders of Turkmenistan (Aranei Salticidae)" (PDF). Arthropoda Selecta. 5 (1/2): 17–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016.
- Wesołowska, Wanda (2000). "New and little known species of jumping spiders from Zimbabwe (Araneae: Salticidae)". Arnoldia Zimbabwe. 10: 145–174.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; van Harten, Anthony (1994). The Jumping Spiders (Salticidae, Araneae) of Yemen. Sanaa: Yemeni-German Plant Protection Project.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; van Harten, Anthony (2007). "Additions to the knowledge of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of Yemen". Fauna of Arabia. 23: 189–269.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825. S2CID 232337200.