Sphyraena viridensis
| Sphyraena viridensis | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Chordata |
| Сорт: | Actinopterygii |
| Заказ: | Istiophoriformes |
| Семья: | Sphyraenidae |
| Род: | Sphyraena |
| Species: | S. viridensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Sphyraena viridensis | |
Sphyraena viridensis , желтовато-корпус-барракуда или желтый барракуда -хищная рыба из лучей из семейства Sphyraenidae , Barracudas. Это найдено в более теплых водах восточного Атлантического океана и Средиземноморья. Это часто путают с европейской Барракудой .
Описание
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S. viridensis имеет вмешанное тело с длинной обтекаемой заостренной мордой, которая имеет длинный рот, выстланную двумя рядами острых, похожих на клык зубов и жесткой нижней челюстью. нет масштабов На преперкулуме , в отличие от европейской Барракуды, которая имеет масштабы как на передней, так и на задней полях преперкулума. На спине есть многочисленные поперечные темные батончики; Они обычно простираются ниже боковой линии, в то время как те же линии в европейских Барракудах этого не делают. [ 3 ] Барны исчезают в мертвых образцах. Как правило, окраска взрослого S. viridensis темно выше и серебристо (это пример противостояния), [ 4 ] while juveniles are dark yellow or greenish in colour.[5] S. viridensis is smaller than its European counterpart, growing to a standard length of 65 cm, although the average length is 35–40 cm.[4] However, specimens up to 114.5 cm have been caught off the Azores.[5] The rod caught record is 10.2 kg, which was caught off Lanzarote in the Canary Islands in 2007.[6]
Distribution
[edit]The exact distribution of S. viridensis is unclear because of confusion with the European barracuda; however, it is known that it occurs in subtropical areas of the eastern Atlantic (around the Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands and the Canary Islands). It has also been recorded in the Mediterranean, including off the coasts of Lebanon,[2] Israel, Algeria, Corsica and Sicily, and in the Adriatic Sea and the Aegean Sea.[3][5]
Prey and Predators
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In a study in the Azores, fish made up all of the diet of S. viridensis, with the most important species being the bluejack mackerel, which was found as having been preyed upon by 72.4% of the fish sampled and making up nearly two thirds of the weight of prey taken.[5] Other species recorded in this study included bogues, ornate wrasses and axillary sea breams, as well as an unidentified species of flying fish.[5] Unidentified fish remains were found in nearly 20% of the specimens sampled. The predatory behaviour of S. viridensis was observed in the same study; they were found to be active pursuit predators of fish, with one or many barracudas hunting together, either singling out lone prey or attacking shoals of prey fish. The pursuit was rapid and was usually over in 8–40 seconds, and the more fish involved, the higher the rate of success was.[5]
Some other known prey species of S. viridensis include the longspine snipefish, the boar fish,[5] and cephalopods and crustaceans.[4]
Juveniles of S. viridensis are preyed upon by the lizard fish. This shows that there is an overlap in habitat between the juvenile barracudas and the lizard fish, which occurs in sheltered, very enclosed bays with sandy substrates.[7]
Behaviour
[edit]
In summer, S. viridensis may form schools of up to 180 fish (although most schools only number 30-40 fish) in areas where there are strong currents. These schools are predominantly made up of sub-adults, with the smaller fish nearer to the surface and the larger ones, usually female, at the bottom, at depths of up to 30m. In winter, the only aggregations are small groups of juveniles in shallow bays. No territorial behaviour has been observed. Schooling is thought to be an anti-predator defence, to facilitate mating (with the smaller males being attracted to the larger females), and to increase the success rate of hunting. This species does not appear to mix with other barracuda species in mixed schools, but there are reports of these fish associating with whale sharks in the Azores and an instance of them actively swimming towards a manta ray.[5]
Fisheries
[edit]S. viridensis is landed in small quantities in the eastern Mediterranean by fishermen using in trammel-nets and beach-seines.[4] It has been reported from markets in Turkey but it is generally caught as a bycatch, although as numbers increase in the Mediterranean, it may be becoming a more important species for fisheries.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b de Morais, L.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Kara, M.; Yokes, B.; Pollard, D.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Bruyne, G. (2015). "Sphyraena viridensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T198714A15596713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198714A15596713.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Sphyraena viridensis Cuvier, 1829". fishbase.org. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jakov Dulĉić; Alen Soldo (2004). "On the occurrence of the Yellowmouth Barracuda Sphraena viridensis Cuvier 1829 (Pisces: Shyraenidae) in the Adriatic Sea" (PDF). Annales, Series Historia Naturalis. 14 (2): 225–227.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean : Yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridensis)". Marine Species Identification Portal. ETI Bioinformatics. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h João Pedro Barreiros; Ricardo Serrão Santos; Alfredo E.S. Borba (2002). "Food habits, schooling and predatory behaviour of the yellowmouth barracuda, Sphyraena viridensis (Perciformes: Sphyraenidae) in the Azores". Cybium. 26 (2): 83–88.
- ^ "barracuda, yellowmouth (Sphyraena viridensis)". International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
- ^ Жуао П. Баррейрос; Фредерико Кардигос; Марта SC Soares; Леонардо Ф. Мачадо (2007). «Ювенильная сфейраена viridensis , охотящаяся на ящерицу Fish Synodus Saurus , новая хищная ассоциация из Азорских островов (Netlantic Ocean)» (PDF) . Кибий . 32 (3): 272–274.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Фотографии sphyraena viridensis на коллекции Sealife