Коммунистические преступления (Польская юридическая концепция)

Коммунистические преступления ( Польский : Zbrodnie Komunistyczne ) - это юридическое определение, используемое в Польском уголовном кодексе . Концепция коммунистической преступности также используется более широко на международном уровне и занимается неправительственными организациями, а также правительственными учреждениями, такими как Фонд Унита , Институт информации о преступлениях коммунизма , Институте исследования Тоталитарные режимы , Институт расследования коммунистических преступлений в Румынии , а также должность документации и расследование преступлений коммунизма .

Польский закон

В юридической терминологии - как определено в статье 2.1 Журнала законов (Dziennik Ustaw, Dzu) из Республики Польша , выпущенной 18 декабря 1998 года, ^{[ 1 ]} «Коммунистические преступления» представляют собой преступления, совершенные функционерами коммунистического аппарата в период с 17 сентября 1939 года по 31 декабря 1989 года . Преступления, определенные в нем, составляют либо политические репрессии , либо прямое нарушение прав человека человека или группы; в том числе они, иначе названные в польском уголовном законе этого конкретного времени. Эта концепция также охватывает несколько других незаконных действий, запрещенных польскими законами, уже действующими с 1932 года, такими как фальсификация документов и использование их с целью причинить вред людям, упомянутым в них. ^{[ 2 ]}

Концепция коммунистических преступлений была юридически введена в 1998 году и пересмотрена несколько раз. ^{[ 3 ]} Он был предназначен для облегчения изучения событий и судебного преследования людей в власти , которые совершили преступления против польских граждан, а также польского государства. ^[4] The definition is conceptually similar to the legal concept of a Nazi crime.^[5]

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A functionary of a communist state is defined as a public official including those who received legal protection similar to public officials, particularly government officials and leaders of the Communist Party.^[1] The functionaries involved would most likely work for Polish intelligence, security service and other internal affairs (particularly censorship and religious affairs) departments. Particular organisations named as examples include Ministry of Public Security of Poland, Służba Bezpieczeństwa and Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego.^[6] The communist crimes could have also been committed in Poland by members of foreign civil or military services,^[7] such as the KGB, NKVD, SMERSH, and Stasi.

Crimes, recognised by international law as crimes against humanity, crimes against peace, and war crimes, are not affected by the statute of limitations in Poland. Those crimes are not affected either by the former amnesty or abolition decrees issued in communist Poland before 7 December 1989.^[8] In case of murders, the Polish statute of limitations begins on 1 August 1990 and runs for 40 years, and for 30 years for other crimes.^[9]

The concept has replaced the term Stalinist crime (zbrodnia stalinowska) previously used in Polish law for similar acts,^[5] just as the concept of Nazi crime has replaced that of the Hitlerite crime. Both Stalinist and Hitlerite crimes were first defined by Polish legislation in 1991.^[10]

While drafting the concept of the communist crime, Polish legislators specifically discarded the notion that a communist crime is equal to a Nazi crime, or that the legislation of the communist crime can be based on that of the Nazi crime (already defined in the legislation of 31 August 1944), as while similar on some levels they are different enough on others to make analogies unacceptable.^[5]

Communist crimes are primarily investigated by the Institute of National Remembrance, a special research institute with prosecution powers, created by the same legislation that defined the concept of the communist crime in 1998. Two examples of such unsolved communist crimes are the Augustów roundup and Kąkolewnica massacre, also known as the Baran Forest massacre.

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Notes and references

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Ustawa.., Art. 2.2.
^ "Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej - Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu". (299 KB). Art. 2.1. . Retrieved as of 8 May 2007.
^ Ustawa.., see headings of document for list of legal acts published in Dziennik Ustaw modifying the original document
^ The concept of a communist crime is also applicable if the victim was not a Polish citizen but was wronged on Polish territory.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Rajman, Genowefa (2006). "Zbrodnie Komunistyczne w koncepcji Polskiego prawa karnego" [Communist crimes in the concept of Polish criminal law]. Military Legal Review (in Polish) (1). prawo.lex.pl. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007.
^ Ustawa.., Art. 5.1.
^ Ustawa.., Art. 5.2.
^ Ustawa.., Art. 4.3.
^ Ustawa.., Art. 4.1.
^ "32. posiedzenie Senatu RP, część 1 stenogramu: Witold Kulesza" [32nd Senate Meeting of the Republic of Poland, part 1 of the transcript: Witold Kulesza] (in Polish). senat.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.

External links

Media related to Communist crimes (Polish legal concept) at Wikimedia Commons

[ustawa-2.2-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Ustawa.., Art. 2.2.

[ustawa-2.1-2] "Ustawa z dnia 18 grudnia 1998 r. o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej - Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu". (299 KB). Art. 2.1. . Retrieved as of 8 May 2007.

[ustawa-nagłówek-3] Ustawa.., see headings of document for list of legal acts published in Dziennik Ustaw modifying the original document

[others-4] The concept of a communist crime is also applicable if the victim was not a Polish citizen but was wronged on Polish territory.

[GenRaj-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Rajman, Genowefa (2006). "Zbrodnie Komunistyczne w koncepcji Polskiego prawa karnego" [Communist crimes in the concept of Polish criminal law]. Military Legal Review (in Polish) (1). prawo.lex.pl. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007.

[ustawa-5.1-6] Ustawa.., Art. 5.1.

[ustawa-5.2-7] Ustawa.., Art. 5.2.

[ustawa-4.3-8] Ustawa.., Art. 4.3.

[ustawa-4.1-9] Ustawa.., Art. 4.1.

[Witold_Kulesza-10] "32. posiedzenie Senatu RP, część 1 stenogramu: Witold Kulesza" [32nd Senate Meeting of the Republic of Poland, part 1 of the transcript: Witold Kulesza] (in Polish). senat.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.

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v t e Anti-communism in Europe since 1989
Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
European hearings, resolutions and declarations	Council of Europe resolution 1481 (2006) European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes (2008) Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism (2008) European Parliament declaration of 23 August 2008 European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After (2009) European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 Vilnius Declaration of the OSCE (2009) Declaration on Crimes of Communism (2010) Stockholm Programme of the EU (2010–2015) Warsaw Declaration of the EU (2011) European Parliament resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe (2019)
Legislation	Bans on communist symbols Communist crimes Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It Decommunization in Russia Decommunization in Ukraine Lustration in Poland
Institutions	Black Ribbon Day Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes Institute of National Remembrance Institute for Information on the Crimes of Communism House of Terror Museum Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial Reconciliation of European Histories Group Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarianism Studies
Media	The Black Book of Communism (1997) Between Hitler and Stalin (2004) The Soviet Story (2008) Bloodlands (2010)
Opposition	Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests

Польский закон

Articles 4 to 7

See also

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Notes and references

External links