Малассезия Симподис
| Малассезия Симподис | |
|---|---|
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Грибы |
| Разделение: | Basidiomycota |
| Сорт: | Малассезиомицеты |
| Заказ: | Malassials |
| Семья: | Malasseziaceae |
| Род: | Малассезия |
| Разновидность: | М. Sympodialis
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| Биномиальное название | |
| Малассезия Симподис Simmons & Gueho (1990) [ 1 ]
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Малассезия Sympodialis является видом в роде Malassezia . [ 2 ] Он характеризуется ярко выраженной липофильностью , односторонней, перкуррентной или симподиальной почкованием и нерегулярной гофрированной клеточной стенки ультраструктурой . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Это один из наиболее распространенных видов, обнаруженных на коже здоровых и больных людей. [ 5 ] Считается, что является частью нормальной микробиоты человека в коже. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] и начинает колонизировать кожу людей вскоре после рождения. [ 7 ] Малассия Sympodialis , часто имеет симбиотическую или комменсальную связь с его хозяином, но он может действовать как патоген, вызывая ряд различных кожных заболеваний, [ 8 ] такие как атопический дерматит . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
История
[ редактировать ]В 1846 году Карл Фердинанд Эйхштедт был первым, кто выявил ассоциацию грибов с Pityriasis Versicolor , общей инфекцией, связанной с родом Малассезии . [ 8 ] Название, применяемое к ответственному грибкому агенту, сдвигалось несколько раз в течение следующих 150 лет до тех пор, пока род Pityrosporum не был зарегистрирован для телеоморфа и малассезию для Анаморфа. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Благодаря использованию генетического секвенирования, с тех пор был идентифицирован ряд новых видов. [ 2 ] [ 8 ] [ 10 ]
Description
[edit]Malassezia sympodialis exhibits unipolar budding,[3][5] similar to a number of other Malassezia species including M. pachydermatis.[5] The colonies achieve a size of 5 mm in diameter after a week of growth, and develop a soft texture and a round, smooth shape.[11] The individual cells are oval in shape[4][10][11] and 2.5-7.5 × 2.0-8.0 μm in size and acquire a yellowish appearance en masse when grown in culture at 37 °C (99 °F).[10] The optimal growth of this species occurs at 34 °C (93 °F).[10] A range of specialized growth media such as Cremophor EL and Leeming-Notman agar that incorporate fatty acids support the growth of M. sympodialis.[3][12] However, non-specialized growth media overlaid with sterile olive oil also support the growth of this species in culture.[10] Malassezia sympodialis can be identified in the laboratory by the presence of β-glucosidase activity which causes darkening of the growth medium.[3]
Pathogenicity in humans and animals
[edit]The innate and adaptive immune systems are both important for the health of the skin.[5] There are several different types of cells, such as neutrophils, that search their environment for antigens by using pattern recognition receptors and are essential in the innate immune response.[13] Malassezia sympodialis causes atopic eczema in susceptible individuals.[2] Many of the skin diseases caused by this species occur when the barrier of the skin is breached, allowing the organism to access the damaged integument,[5] such as occurs in individuals infected with atopic eczema.[14] The M. sympodialis peptide LL-37 is found in monocyte-derived dendritic cells where it is involved in initiating a Th-2 like response.[13] The Th-2 like response is involved in the creation of IgE and is therefore important for individuals with atopic eczema.[13] There are several factors that contribute to the development of atopic eczema, including the environment and genetics.[14]
Human diseases
[edit]Malassezia sympodialis has been identified conjunction with a number of human skin disorders include pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff and atopic dermatitis.[5] There have also been reports of M. sympodialis in patients with granulomatous dermatitis.[15]
Pityriasis versicolor
[edit]Pityriasis versicolor is a skin disorder that leads to the formation of patches on the skin that are either hypo- or hyperpigemented.[5] It may be found on oilier areas of the body including the neck and trunk.[5] Besides M. sympodialis, several species of Malassezia have been identified on individuals with the disorder including, M. globosa, M. slooffiae and several others.[5] Some believe that M. globosa is responsible for the disease as it has been found in higher numbers, but this has not yet been confirmed.[5] Confirmation of the agent of disease involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings from the infected individuals for the presence of thick-walled yeast cells intermixed with broad hyphae.[5] Ointments containing fungicidal ingredients such as selenium can be applied to the affected area.[5] Oral medications are also used in some cases.[5]
Seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff
[edit]Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin disorder where inflammation and desquamation occurs in areas of the body with a high density of sebaceous glands, particularly the face and trunk.[5] The dandruff form does not result in inflammation and is restricted to the scalp.[5] Although M. sympodialis has been reported as an agent of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff, other species including M. furfur and M. globosa are more commonly associated with the disorder.[5]
Atopic dermatitis
[edit]Atopic dermatitis occurs in individuals that have an abnormal immune reaction to allergens resulting in inflammation on the affected area of the skin.[5] This disorder is associated with M. furfur, M. restricta, M. sympodialis and a number of other species.[5]
Animal diseases
[edit]Malassezia sympodialis has been identified in high frequency on dogs that have some form of dermatitis and is found in association with other species of Malassezia.[16] This species has also been associated with otitis in cattle, cats and other animals.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Simmons, Robert B.; Gueho, Eveline (December 1990). "A new species of Malassezia". Mycological Research. 94 (8): 1146–1149. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81349-X.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Gaitanis, G.; Magiatis, P.; Hantschke, M.; Bassukas, I. D.; Velegraki, A. (9 January 2012). "The Malassezia Genus in Skin and Systemic Diseases". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 25 (1): 106–141. doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-11. PMC 3255962. PMID 22232373.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Howard, Dexter H. (2007). Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Dekker. ISBN 978-0824706838.
- ^ Jump up to: a b de Hoog, G. S. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi (2. ed.). Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures [u.a.] ISBN 9070351439.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Chen, Tai-an; Hill, Peter B. (February 2005). "The biology of Malassezia organisms and their ability to induce immune responses and skin disease". Veterinary Dermatology. 16 (1): 4–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00424.x. PMID 15725101.
- ^ Gehrmann, Ulf; Qazi, Khaleda Rahman; Johansson, Catharina; Hultenby, Kjell; Karlsson, Maria; Lundeberg, Lena; Gabrielsson, Susanne; Scheynius, Annika; Zimmer, Jacques (22 July 2011). "Nanovesicles from Malassezia sympodialis and Host Exosomes Induce Cytokine Responses – Novel Mechanisms for Host-Microbe Interactions in Atopic Eczema". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e21480. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621480G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021480. PMC 3142114. PMID 21799736.
- ^ Cabanes, F.J. (2014). "Malassezia Yeasts: How Many Species Infect Humans and Animals?". PLOS Pathogens. 10 (2): e1003892. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003892. PMC 3937305. PMID 24586146.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gaitanis, Georgios; Velegraki, Aristea; Mayser, Peter; Bassukas, Loannis D. (July 2013). "Skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts: Facts and controversies". Clinics in Dermatology. 31 (4): 455–463. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.012. PMID 23806162.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Scheynius, A; Johansson, C; Buentke, E; Zargari, A; Linder, MT (March 2002). "Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome and Malassezia". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 127 (3): 161–169. doi:10.1159/000053860. PMID 11979041. S2CID 9026834.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kurtzman, Cletus P.; Fell, Jack W. (1998). The yeasts : a taxonomic study (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 783–784. ISBN 0444813128.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Guého, E.; Midgley, G.; Guillot, J. (May 1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432. S2CID 31791799.
- ^ Kaneko, T.; Makimura, K.; Abe, M.; Shiota, R.; Nakamura, Y.; Kano, R.; Hasegawa, A.; Sugita, T.; Shibuya, S.; Watanabe, S.; Yamaguchi, H.; Abe, S.; Okamura, N. (19 September 2007). "Revised Culture-Based System for Identification of Malassezia Species". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (11): 3737–3742. doi:10.1128/JCM.01243-07. PMC 2168522. PMID 17881545.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Agerberth, B.; Buentke, E.; Bergman, P.; Eshaghi, H.; Gabrielsson, S.; Gudmundsson, G. H.; Scheynius, A. (April 2006). "Malassezia sympodialis differently affects the expression of LL-37 in dendritic cells from atopic eczema patients and healthy individuals". Allergy. 61 (4): 422–430. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00952.x. PMID 16512803. S2CID 22721270.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Шмид-Грендельмейер, Питер; Шейния, Анника; Crameri, Reto (2006). «Роль сенсибилизации в Малассезию Sympodialis в атопической экземе». Химическая иммунология и аллергия . 91 : 98–109. doi : 10.1159/000090246 . ISBN 3-8055-8000-2 Полем PMID 16354952 .
- ^ Десаи, HB; Перкинс, PL; Procop, GW (2011). «Гранулематозный дерматит из -за малассезии симподиалис ». Архив патологии и лабораторной медицины . 135 (9): 1085–1087. doi : 10.5858/2010-0588-crr.1 . PMID 21877990 . ProQuest 887762913 .
- ^ Nardoni, S.; Mancianti, F.; Corazza, M.; Ром, А. (май 2004). «Появление видов малассезии у здоровых и дерматологически больных собак». Микопатология . 157 (4): 383–388. doi : 10.1023/b: myco.0000030416.36743.dd . PMID 15281400 . S2CID 42110344 .