List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2019) |
This is a list of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic (or its dialects where particularly ts–ch are merged) during 8th–13th centuries.
Dating
[edit]| Date | Change | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 800±50 | no liquid diphthongs | before: *xolpъ : kalps [kal̃ps], *xormъ : kārms |
| 825±25 | no nasals | ... |
| ... | ... | before: у/ѫ : uo after: у/ѫ : ū, у : u |
| ... | ... | ѧ : ē [ę̃] |
| 988? | yat ..? | before: ѣ : ē [ę̃] after: ѣ : ie |
| 1200±50 | yers fall | before: ь : i, ъ : u after: ь1 : ?, ъ1 : ?, ь0/ъ0 : _ |
Comparison of letters
[edit]| Old East Slavic Latvian | ъ—ь u—i | о—а a—a/ā | у o/ū | ѫ—ѧ o—ē | е—ѣ e—ē/iẽ | и ī/i/ìe | ꙑ ui |
| Old East Slavic Latvian | р—л r—l | н—м—в n—m—v | б—п b—p | д—т d—t | з—с z—s | ж—ц ž—c | г—к—х g—k—k |
| Old East Slavic Latvian | лꙗ ļa | ꙗ jã | кꙑ ķī | хꙑ ķī |
List of words
[edit]List structure:
- Old East Slavic: Latvian "meaning"
- [] contain alternative/other form
Orthodoxy
[edit]- крьстъ: krusts [krists] "cross".[2] Possibly 'u' from Latin crux "cross".
- божьница: baznīca [baznîca] "church".[3][2]
- говѣти: gavēt [gavêt] "to fast"[2]
- грамота: grāmata [grãmata] "book"[3][2]
- грѣхъ: grēks [grę̀ks] "sin"[3][2]
- хоругꙑ: karogs [karuõgs] "flag, banner"[3][2]
- недѣлꙗ: nedēļa [nedẽļa] "week"[3][2]
- *свѧтъкъ [свꙗтокъ]: svētki [svę̀tki] "holiday, celebration"[3][2]
- свѧтъ: svēts [svę̀ts] "holy, sacred"[3][2]
- звонъ: zvans "bell"
- поганъ: pagãns "pagan, heathen". Alternatively from Latin.[3]
Society or government
[edit]- рубежь: robeža [rùobeža] "border, frontier"[3][2]
- сѫдъ: sods [sùods] "penalty, punishment".[3][2]
- тълкъ: tulks [tũlks, tul̃ks] "interpreter, translator"[3][2]
- погостъ: pagasts "parish?"[2]
- право: prāva [prāvas] "lawsuit?"[2]
- пълкъ: pulks [pùlks, pul̂ks] "regiment"[3][2]
- страдати: strādāt [stràdât] "to work"[3][2]
- человѣкъ [*чьловѣкъ]: cilvēks [cìlvę̃ks] "human, person"[3][2]
- мѣсто: miẽsts "village"[3]
- боꙗринъ: bajãrs "boyar"[3]
- сѫди: sùoģis "judge"[3]
Trading
[edit]- търгъ: tirgus [tìrgus] "market".[2] Unless related ('ъ' > 'u' is expected).
- безмѣнъ: bezmēns [bęzmę̄ns, vęzmę̄ns] "steelyard"[2]
- цѣна: cena "price"[2]
- мꙑто: muita [muĩta] "customs (duty)"[3][2]
- скупъ: skops [skùops] "stingy, miserly"[3][2]
Household
[edit]- кожухъ: kažoks [kažuõks] "fur coat"[3][2]
- мѫка: mokas [muõkas] "torment, agony"[3][2]
- сума: soma [suoma] "bag"[2]
- истъба: istaba [istuba, ustaba, ustuba] "room (building)"[2]
- дуда: dūdas [dũda] "bagpipe"
- котьлъ: katls "boiler"[2]
- кꙑсель: ķīselis "kissel"[2]
- мѧтьлъ: mētelis [mètelis] "coat (garment)"[2]
- сапогъ [забогъ]: zābaks (zàbaks) "boot (footwear)".[3][2]
- жьзлъ: zizlis [zizls] "wand, baton"[2]
- ножь: nazis "knife"
- стькло: stikls "glass"[2]
Other
[edit]- *Кривъ: krìevs "Russian (person)".[3] Compare Russian кривичи "Krivichs".
- пустъ: posts [puõsts][3][2]
- богатъ: bagāts [bagâts] "rich, wealthy"[3][2]
- думати: domāt [duõmât] "to think"[3]
- дума: doma [duõma] "thought, idea, opinion"[3][2]
- умъ: oma [uôma] "mood (mind)". Or at least partly inherited.
- сулити: solīt [sùolît] "to promise"[3][2]
- хꙑтръ: neķītrs "obscene, dirty, lewd"[3]
- поваръ: pavārs [pavãrs] "cook"
- капуста: kāposti [kàpuõsts] "cabbage"[3][2]
- сѣра: sērs [sę̃rs] "sulfur"
- бѣда: bēda [bę̀da] "sorrow, grief"[3]
References
[edit]- ^ Bjørnflaten, Jan Ivar (2006). "Chronologies of the Slavicization of Northern Russia Mirrored by Slavic Loanwords in Finnic and Baltic". Slavica Helsingiensia. 27: 65–69.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Infantyev, Boris (2005). "Заимствования в латышском из русского". Балто-славянские культурные связи. Riga: Vedi. p. 18—21.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Young, Steven (2009). "Tone in Latvian borrowings from Old Russian". Stressing the past: Papers on Baltic and Slavic accentology. BRILL. p. 177. ISBN 9789042032170. Young.
Further reading
[edit]- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973). Этимологический словарь русского языка. Vol. 1–4. Moscow: Progress.
- Sreznevsky, Izmail (1893). Материалы для словаря древнерусского языка по письменным памятникам. Vol. 1. St. Petersburg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sreznevsky, Izmail (1902). Материалы для словаря древнерусского языка по письменным памятникам. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sreznevsky, Izmail (1912). Материалы для словаря древнерусского языка по письменным памятникам. Vol. 3. St. Petersburg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)