Гудмор

Гудмор
Косака Хироши
Иноуэ, 1931
Рожденный	( 1875-01-06 ) 6 января 1875 г. Деревня Фунахо , префектура Hyōgo , Япония
Умер	19 июля 1963 г. (1963-07-19) (в возрасте 88 лет)
Другие имена	Hideko inouye, спрятаться, спрячь
Alma mater	Japan Women's University
Occupation(s)	academic, internationalist, pacifist
Years active	1908-1950s
Spouse	Sadako Adachi (m. 1895)
Children	Shina Inoue Kan

Hideko inoue (также Hideko inouye , японский : скрыть inoue 6 января 1875 г. - 19 июля 1963 года) был японским педагогом и миротворцем. Она преподавала домашнюю экономику в Японском женском университете и работала первой женщиной -президентом школы с 1931 по 1946 год. Активная в движении мира, она возглавляла японскую филиал женской международной лиги мира и свободы и была одной из ведущих феминистков, поддерживающих интернационализм в межвозную эпоху . В 1930-х годах она изменила свое внимание на паназиатское сотрудничество, и в конце десятилетия была назначена в Министерство Большой Восточной Азии для работы над образовательными реформами. В 1940 -х годах она была украшена Императором Японии, но потеряла свое президентство в Японском женском университете в 1946 году, когда ее очистила Администрация оккупации США . Она оставалась вовлеченной в образование до середины 1950-х годов.

Ранний период жизни

Hideko Inoue was born on 6 January 1875 in Kasuga, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan to Kahei Inoue. Her family was very affluent and influential. Upon completing elementary school, she entered the Hikami Senior School in Kashihara in 1885, and was one of only three girls in the school. One of her teachers there, Makiko Imai, encouraged Inoue to continue her education, but her father felt that she had had adequate education for a girl. With her grandmother's encouragement, he finally allowed her in 1890 to begin attending the Kyoto First High School, the oldest girls' high school in Japan. As her English scores were poor, Inoue began studying English to prepare, taking both formal classes and private instruction. One of the other students at the school was Kameko Hirooka, daughter of the founder of Japan Women's University, Asako Hirooka and she became close to the family.

Masaji Inoue

In 1895, Inoue married Sadako Adachi, who was adopted by the Inoue family and took the name of Masaji Inoue, as there were no sons in the family to carry on the family name. After giving birth to her oldest daughter, Shina in 1899 or 1900, Inoue enrolled in 1901 at Japan Women's University to study home economics. When she graduated, she became the secretary general of alumni association and then with the encouragement of Hirooka went to the United States to further her education at Teachers College, Columbia University and the Chicago Normal School.

Career

In 1908, when she returned from the United States, Inoue worked as a professor at the Japan Women's University and helped establish, along with Jinzo Naruse, the field of home economics in Japan. In 1911 she became the head of the Japan Women's Peace Association, an affiliate of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. In 1913, through her involvement with the alumni association, Inoue proposed that the graduates hold fundraisers to support a day care system modeled on those she had seen in the United States. The association held music performances and sold items at a bazaar to pay for the operation of the first day care center in Japan, which opened that year in the Sugamo neighborhood of Tokyo. She also founded the Women's Association for the Cultivation of International Friendship to urge women's cooperation globally.

By the 1920s, Inoue was the leading woman in the internationalist movement and was a visible supporter of world peace. As the head of the Japanese Women's Peace League, she attended the Women's World Conference on Arms Limitation, in Washington, D. C. in 1921. She was by that time, head of the home economics department, and traveled to the conference with her secretary, Dr. Marian Irwin, graduate of Bryn Mawr College. At the conference, she spoke on the need for women's education and political rights, as well as for arms control and international peace policies. She believed that if Japan agreed with disarmament policies that would make Japanese immigration more attractive in the United States and lessen the overcrowding at home. She was also the lead delegate to the 1928 Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. In 1931, she became the first woman president of the Japan Women's University and in 1933 helped organize the International Women's and Children Exposition.

In the interwar period Inoue and her husband both supported internationalism, but at the dawn of World War II, they both supported Japan's expansionism and a Pan-Asian focus under Japanese leadership. After the Second Sino-Japanese War, Inoue shifted towards pro-Asian policies and in 1937, when touring Nazi Germany, was a vocal supporter of the Nazi's Strength Through Joy program. That same year, when touring the United States she was struck by the hypocrisy of immigration bans because there was a surplus of undeveloped land. When she returned from abroad, she worked in the Ministry of Greater East Asia on educational reforms. Her lectures of the time showed she had not completely abandoned internationalism, as she argued that rationing foreign edibles which had become staples of the culture would be problematic. She also continued to press for reforms for women's education, believing that even within the cultural context of women's subservience, education was needed to advance societal modernization.

In 1939, Inoue, along with other leading women like Kiuchi Kyo and Yoshioka Yayoi, established the women’s wing of the National Language Association, an organization designed to improve and preserve the Japanese language. The goal of the women's wing was to promote the use of feminine language to embody their gender in their courteous demeanor and speech. In 1940, Inoue was one of four women appointed to serve in the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement. She was decorated by the Emperor of Japan and held many varied government posts until the war ended.

In 1946, Inoue was purged by the U. S. Occupation Administration from her presidency at the Japan Women's University. Ostensibly, her removal was based on an affiliation with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association because in 1941 she was appointed as the vice president of the Dai Nippon Seishonen-dan, (Greater Japan Youth and Child Group). This group was made of up school administrators for the purpose of creating activities for youth participation in the war effort. They organized such events as aid to soldiers' families, crop harvests, savings drives, and training for home and national defense. Inoue's defense of her actions was that she had opposed both her appointment to the Youth and Child Group and its affiliation with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, but she became one of the few women purged in the period of occupation.

In 1954, she accompanied Dr. Hiro Ohashi on a study tour of the social services and home economics departments of Indiana University, Iowa State College, Michigan State University, and the University of Chicago, among others. They took ideas regarding integrating physical sciences into the home economics courses, updating appliances, and adding audio-visual materials home to add to the curricula of the Women's University.

Death and legacy

Inoue died on 19 July 1963. There is a carved bust of Inoue on display at the Funagi Elementary School in Tanba.

References

Bibliography

• DeForest, Charlotte B. (1923). The Woman and the Leaven in Japan. West Medford, Massachusetts: The Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions. OCLC 2464663.
• Fusaye, Ichikawa, ed. (May 1940). "Four Women in the New Spiritual Body". Japanese Women. 3 (3). Tokyo, Japan: Woman's Suffrage League of Japan: 4. Retrieved 14 November 2019. – via ASP: Women and Social Movements (subscription required)
• Marino, Katherine (2016). "Review of The Rise of Women's Transnational Activism: Identity and Sisterhood Between the World Wars (Marie Sandell, 2015)". Alexander Street Press. Alexandria, Virginia. Retrieved 14 November 2019. – via ASP: Women and Social Movements (subscription required)
• Morgan, Laura Puffer (February 1922). "On the Outskirts of the Conference". Smith Alumnae Quarterly. XIII (2). Concord, New Hampshire: Smith College Alumni Association: 113–118. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
• Schneider, Michael (2007). "Were Women Pan-Asianists the Worst?: Internationalism and Pan-Asianism in the Careers of Inoue Hideko and Inoue Masaji". In Saaler, Sven; Koschmann, J. Victor (eds.). Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism and Borders. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 115–129. ISBN 978-1-134-19380-6.
• Shibahara, Taeko (translator) (2019). "How Did Japanese Women Peace Activists Interact with European Women as they Negotiated between Nationalism and Transnational Peace Activism to Promote Peace, 1915–1935?". Alexander Street Press. Alexandria, Virginia. Retrieved 14 November 2019. {{cite web}}: |first1= has generic name (help) – via ASP: Women and Social Movements (subscription required)
• U. S. War Department; Civil Affairs Staging Area (September 1945). Civil Affairs Handbook, Japan: Prefectural Studies. Vol. 4: Tokyo-To. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Publishing Office. OCLC 85269153. pamphlet #31–359.
• Washi, Rumi (2004). "4. 'Japanese Female Speech' and Language Policy in the World War II Era". In Okamoto, Shigeko; Smith, Janet S. Shibamoto (eds.). Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 76–91. ISBN 978-0-19-534729-6.
• "（4）The Organization of the Greater Japan Youth and Child Group". MEXT. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
• "教育者・井上秀という女性 新1万円肖像の渋沢栄一の跡継ぎ、日本女子大学校4代目校長に" [A Woman Named Hide Inoue, an Educator, Succeeded Eiichi Shibusawa, whose Portrait Is on a New 10,000 Yen, and becomes the Fourth Head of Japan Women's University]. Tanba Shimbun (in Japanese). Tanba, Hyōgo, Japan. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
• "井上秀～家政学者として教育に貢献" [Hide Inoue-Contributing to Education as a Home Economics Scholar]. Jpreki (in Japanese). Sagamihara-shi, Japan: 幕末維新風雲伝. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
• "Inoue, Masaji (1877–1947)". National Diet Library. Tokyo, Japan. 2013. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
• "Japanese Women United". The Evening Star. Washington, D. C. 2 December 1921. p. 3. Retrieved 14 November 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Jap. Educators Visit I. U. for Ideas". The Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis, Indiana. 15 October 1954. p. 10. Retrieved 14 November 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
• "菅 支那 (かんしな)" [Kan, Shina]. Kotobank.jp (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Asahi Shimbun Co., Ltd. 2019. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
• "Mrs. Ross Will Honor Women Delegates Here". The Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. 28 July 1928. p. 33. Retrieved 14 November 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
• "新島八重 その二" [Nenjoba Yae 2nd]. Radio Nikkei (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Nikkei Radio Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
• "No Forts in Pacific, Called Tokio Plan". The New York Herald. New York City, New York. Associated Press. 27 September 1921. p. 2. Retrieved 14 November 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
• "(без названия)" . Японский женский университет (на японском языке). Токио, Япония. 2016. Архивировано с оригинала 11 апреля 2019 года . Получено 14 ноября 2019 года .

Внешние ссылки

• Фотография Мариан Ирвина и Хидеко Иноуэ 1921 года из Библиотеки Конгресса.