Лива, Танзания

Литий
Литий
Деревня
Страна	Танзания
Область	Рувума регион

Лива - это деревня в Танзании , которая послужила испытанием для видения Юлиуса Ньерера о Уджамаа . ^{[ 1 ]}^: 14 Расположен недалеко от Мбейи , ^{[ 1 ]}^: 14 Лива была «первой деревней Уджамаа», ^{[ 2 ]} и привлек внимание во время кампании Ньерера по достижению «развития сельского хозяйства в общественных формах производства», ^{[ 3 ]}^: 75 и был поддержан самим Ньерером «как практическое пример Уджамаа, куда я могу послать людей, чтобы увидеть это на практике». ^{[ 3 ]}^: 100

Деревня социализма

Концепция деревни Уджамаа в Литове была впервые разработана в ноябре 1960 года, когда группа местных жителей, которые не хотели путешествовать в прибрежные районы страны для работы, пыталась создать поместье в деревне. ^{[ 4 ]}^{: 189–190} Сначала эти усилия потерпели неудачу из -за диких животных и недостаточного запаса продовольствия. ^{[ 4 ]}^: 190 Однако в следующем году местные жители попытались еще раз при поддержке местного секретаря партии Тану , который очистил путь, разрешив земельный спор, и человека из южной Родезии с опытом в совместном сельском хозяйстве. ^{[ 4 ]}^: 190 Местные жители начали общий заговор почти в Нджумлоле, но продолжали жить в Ливе. ^{[ 4 ]}^: 190

Деревня вскоре начала видеть успех. В 1962 году жители деревни начали строить новые дома и пригласили своих родственников присоединиться к деревне. ^{[ 4 ]}^: 190

Government

Litowa began holding village elections around 1962, electing a chairman, manager, a secretary-treasurer, and nine management committee members.^[4]^: 190 Members of the management committee would serve three year terms.^[4]^: 190

Education

Litowa was one of the villages that attempted Nyere's rural development and education reforms, which aimed to "educate the children to stay in these communities and carry on the work their parents have begun" through primary education designed to help students prepare for a rural communal life, as opposed to advancing towards secondary school.^[1]^: 14 Litowa's school, first established in 1963,^[5]^: 21 was self-governing, and attracted pupils from other villages, who boarded in Litowa to school.^[2]^[4]^: 191 According to a 1968 article written by an instructor at the school, the village's school enrolled 245 students.^[5]^: 20 Curriculum in the school included construction activities, farm work, animal husbandry, nursing, and craft skills such as spinning and weaving.^[4]^: 191^[5]^: 20–21 Pupils at Litowa's school were also asked with forming their own decision-making committee,^[4]^: 191^[5]^: 25–28 studied politics,^[5]^: 24–25 and held seminars.^[5]^: 25

Evaluation

One American professor who researched the village called Litowa's model "participatory democracy" and "a form of progressive education", and likened it to Amish and Hutterite communities, and the vision of Mahatma Gandhi.^[1]^: 14 Multiple researchers have compared Litowa to kibbutzim.^[1]^: 14^[4]^: 190

Reception

Neighboring villages began sending delegations to visit Litowa and ask for advice.^[4]^: 190 In response, village officials collaborated with a regional commissioner to create the Ruvuma Development Association in 1963.^[4]^: 190 Around this time, governing officials in neighboring districts would invoke the example of Litowa to try to stimulate peasants, but often failed due to general apathy.^[4]^: 190

President Julius Nyerere visited Litowa in 1965, and praised it as an example of Ujamaa.^[4]^: 190 That same year, the main leader of Litowa was elected to the National Assembly of Tanzania.^[4]^: 190

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Weeks, Sheldon K. (1970). "Kujitegmea and Ujamaa in Tanzania". Africa Today. 17 (1): 12–15. ISSN 0001-9887.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b James, Selma (2014-12-11). "What we can learn from Tanzania's hidden socialist history". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Hydén, Göran (1980). Beyond ujamaa in Tanzania : underdevelopment and an uncaptured peasantry. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-96300-7. OCLC 6684529.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Huizer, Gerrit (1973-06-01). "The Ujamaa village program in tanzania: new forms of rural development". Studies in Comparative International Development. 8 (2): 183–207. doi:10.1007/BF02810000. ISSN 1936-6167.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Toroka, S. (1969). "Education for self-reliance: The Litowa experiment" (PDF). Rural Africana. 9.

[:0-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Weeks, Sheldon K. (1970). "Kujitegmea and Ujamaa in Tanzania". Africa Today. 17 (1): 12–15. ISSN 0001-9887.

[:1-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b James, Selma (2014-12-11). "What we can learn from Tanzania's hidden socialist history". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-03-27.

[:2-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Hydén, Göran (1980). Beyond ujamaa in Tanzania : underdevelopment and an uncaptured peasantry. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-96300-7. OCLC 6684529.

[:3-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Huizer, Gerrit (1973-06-01). "The Ujamaa village program in tanzania: new forms of rural development". Studies in Comparative International Development. 8 (2): 183–207. doi:10.1007/BF02810000. ISSN 1936-6167.

[:4-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Toroka, S. (1969). "Education for self-reliance: The Litowa experiment" (PDF). Rural Africana. 9.

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

[ 3 ]

[ 4 ]

[5]