Lolium

Lolium
	Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Pooideae
Supertribe:	Poodae
Tribe:	Poeae
Subtribe:	Loliinae
Genus:	Lolium; L.
Synonyms
	Arthrochortus Lowe ; Bucetum Parn. ; Craepalia Schrank ; Crypturus Link ; Drymonaetes Ehrh. ; Gnomonia Lunell ; Loliola Dubois ; Micropyropsis Romero Zarco & Cabezudo ; Schedonorus P.Beauv. ;

Lolium is a genus of tufted grasses in the bluegrass subfamily (Pooideae).^[2]^[3] It is often called ryegrass, but this term is sometimes used to refer to grasses in other genera.

They are characterized by bunch-like growth habits. Lolium is native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, as well as being cultivated and naturalized in Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands. Ryegrasses are naturally diploid, with 2n=14, and are closely related to the fescues (Festuca).^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Ryegrass should not be confused with rye, which is a grain crop.

Species

As of February 2024^[update] the species of Lolium listed by Plants of the World Online include:^[1]

Lolium adzharicum (Tzvelev) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium apenninum (De Not.) Ardenghi & Foggi
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.
Lolium × aschersonianum (Dörfl.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium atlantigenum (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × boucheanum Kunth
Lolium × brinkmannii (A.Braun) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium canariense Steud.
Lolium chayuense (L.Liu) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × czarnohorense (Zapał.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium duratum (B.S.Sun & H.Peng) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × elongatum (Ehrh.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × fleischeri (Rohlena) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium font-queri (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium formosanum (Honda) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbysh.
Lolium × holmbergii (Dörfl.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium interruptum (Desf.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × krasanii (H.Scholz) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium letourneuxianum (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium liangshanicum (L.Liu) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium mairei (St.-Yves) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium mazzettianum (E.B.Alexeev) Darbysh.
Lolium mediterraneum (Hack.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Lolium perenne L.
Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen.
Lolium pluriflorum (Schult.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × portalii D.Allen
Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.
Lolium remotum Schrank
Lolium rigidum Gaudin
Lolium saxatile H.Scholz & S.Scholz
Lolium scabriflorum (L.Liu) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × schlickumii (Grantzow) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium × subnutans (Holmb.) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi
Lolium subulatum Vis.
Lolium temulentum L.
Lolium tuberosum (Romero Zarco & Cabezudo) Banfi, Galasso, Foggi, Kopecký & Ardenghi

Formerly included

Several former Lolium species now regarded as part of other genera: Castellia, Enteropogon, × Festulolium, Hainardia, Lepturus, Melica, and Vulpia.^[8]

Lolium bromoides - Vulpia bromoides
Lolium canadense Michx. ex Roem. & Schult. 1817 not Bernh. ex Rouville 1853 - Melica mutica
Lolium coelorachis - Lepturus repens
Lolium cylindricum (Willd.) Asch. & Graebn. 1901. not K.Koch 1848 - Hainardia cylindrica
Lolium distachyum - Enteropogon monostachyos
Lolium elegans - Castellia tuberculosa
Lolium × festucaceum - × Festulolium loliaceum
Lolium × festucoides - × Festulolium loliaceum
Lolium × grandispicum - × Festulolium braunii

Perennial ryegrass, used as winter lawn.^[9]
Poison darnel (Lolium temulentum)

Cultivation and uses

Lolium contains some species which are important grasses for lawns, and as pasture and for grazing and hay for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed. Ryegrasses are also used in soil erosion control programs. It is the principal grazing grass in New Zealand where some 10 million kilograms of certified seed are produced every year. There is a large range of cultivars. The primary species found worldwide and used both for lawns and as a forage crop is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Like many cool-season grasses of the Poaceae, it harbors a symbiotic fungal endophyte, either Epichloë or its close relative Neotyphodium, both of which are members of the fungal family Clavicipitaceae.^[10]^[11]

Some species, particularly L. temulentum, are weeds which can have a severe impact on the production of wheat and other crops. Annual ryegrass (L. rigidum) is one of the most serious and costly weeds of cropping systems in southern Australia, and herbicide resistance is a frequent problem.^[12] Ryegrass pollen is also one of the major causes of hay fever. Tennis courts, including those at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, the venue for Wimbledon, are planted with ryegrass.^[13]^[14] Glyphosate-resistant Lolium has been reported from Mississippi in 2006.^[15]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Lolium L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 83 in Latin
^ "Lolium". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
^ Europaea: Lolium
^ Liu, Liang; Phillips, Sylvia M. "Lolium". Flora of China. Vol. 22 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ Cope, Thomas A. "Lolium". Flora of Pakistan – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Lolium
^ "Lolium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ Lamson-Scribner, Bill (November 12, 2020). "Horticulture Hotline: To rye or not to rye—it's that lawn season again". Moultrie News. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Spiering MJ (2004). "Symbioses of grasses with seedborne fungal endophytes". Annu Rev Plant Biol. 55: 315–340. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141735. PMID 15377223.
^ Cheplick GP (2011). "Endosymbiosis and population differentiation in wild and cultivated Lolium perenne (Poaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 98 (5): 829–38. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000226. PMID 21613060.
^ When Does Annual Ryegrass Die
^ Bletchly, Rachael (24 June 2007). "The Wonders of Wimbledon Fortnight". People. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2009..
^ "Grass Courts" (PDF). The Championships. Wimbledon. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
^ "Nandula VK, Poston DH, Eubank TW, Koger CH and Reddy KN, Differential response to glyphosate in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations from Mississippi. Weed Tech 21: 477–482 (2006).doi 10.1614/WT-06-168.1". doi:10.1614/WT-06-168.1. S2CID 86123045. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[POWO-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Lolium L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

[2] Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 83 in Latin

[3] "Lolium". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.

[4] Europaea: Lolium

[5] Liu, Liang; Phillips, Sylvia M. "Lolium". Flora of China. Vol. 22 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

[6] Cope, Thomas A. "Lolium". Flora of Pakistan – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

[7] Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Lolium

[wcsp-8] "Lolium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

[9] Lamson-Scribner, Bill (November 12, 2020). "Horticulture Hotline: To rye or not to rye—it's that lawn season again". Moultrie News. Retrieved November 18, 2020.

[Schardl-10] Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Spiering MJ (2004). "Symbioses of grasses with seedborne fungal endophytes". Annu Rev Plant Biol. 55: 315–340. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141735. PMID 15377223.

[CheplickGP-11] Cheplick GP (2011). "Endosymbiosis and population differentiation in wild and cultivated Lolium perenne (Poaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 98 (5): 829–38. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000226. PMID 21613060.

[12] When Does Annual Ryegrass Die

[13] Bletchly, Rachael (24 June 2007). "The Wonders of Wimbledon Fortnight". People. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2009..

[14] "Grass Courts" (PDF). The Championships. Wimbledon. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2009.

[Vijay-Nandula-2006-15] "Nandula VK, Poston DH, Eubank TW, Koger CH and Reddy KN, Differential response to glyphosate in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations from Mississippi. Weed Tech 21: 477–482 (2006).doi 10.1614/WT-06-168.1". doi:10.1614/WT-06-168.1. S2CID 86123045. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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