Лихнис (мотылька)
| Лихнис | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Членистоногие |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | Hadena |
| Species: | H. bicruris
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| Binomial name | |
| Hadena bicruris Hufnagel, 1766
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Лихнис Hadena ( Bicruris ) - это мотыльку семейства Noctuidae . Это найдено в Северной и Западной Европе и Турции . Он имеет атлантическое меморидовое распределение. В Восточной Палеарктике это заменяется Hadena Capsincola .
Описание
[ редактировать ]Этот вид имеет темно-коричневую переднюю крышку, отмеченную двумя выдающимися белыми стигматами и белой субтернатной линией. Задесственные крылья отбиваются, темнеют коричневым к краю, но с выдающейся белой бахромой. Сейтц заявляет - отличается от Rivularis F. отсутствием фиолетового блеска; Маркировки белые вместо желтого; Верхняя стигмата не соединяется; заметное черное пятна над внутренним краем возле основания; Заджуе Фускус. Личинка тусклой коричневой, с более темной спинной линией и косой поддорслы. [ 2 ]
Биология
[ редактировать ]Один или два выводка производятся каждый год, и взрослые можно увидеть в период с мая по сентябрь. Полет с июня по июль. [ 3 ]
The larva feeds on various Caryophyllaceae such as Dianthus, Lychnis, Saponaria and Silene.[4] The species overwinters as a pupa.
Pollination
[edit]H. bicruis is a nocturnal pollinator meaning that it frequents flowers late in the day or at night.[5][6] Flowers pollinated by moths are often pale in colour, allowing for moonlight to be reflected for easy detection by pollinators.[5] H. bicruris has a specialised nursery pollination system with Silene latifolia. Nursery pollination systems are those where female pollinators lay their eggs on flowers, and as offspring develop, they consume either the plant or the developing ovules or seeds.[7][8] In this type of pollination system the host plant and pollinator, in this case the moth, are dependent on each other. This relationship can also be considered parasitic as offspring consume seeds, which impacts seed dispersal. It is important to note that this system is not as strong as other nursery pollination systems, and that co-pollinators can alter the interaction between H. bicruris and S. latifolia. [6]
H. bicruris lack the specialised pollination structures that many other pollinators have.[9][10][6] Instead, pollen granules catch on their bodies and legs when they come into contact with a flower to feed on nectar. This is otherwise known as passive pollination, where organisms have no specialised collecting or depositing behaviour or structures, but still contribute to pollination. [11] When the moth then visits the next flower, pollen granules may be transferred from the body to the stigma of the receiving plant. Despite the lack of specialised pollination structures, H. bicruris are considered to be the most efficient pollinator of S. latifolia, where both sexes contribute equally to pollination. Although there is a cost to plants by seed predation, this will potentially occur following visitation by a female. Compared to when a male visits the plant, he will only consume the nectar and not have any impact to any part of the plants structure. H. bicruris visit both male and female S. latifolia flowers, and show no preference for flower sex. [12] The efficiency of a pollinator is determined by the number of fruit that are produced following a pollination event.[13] Studies have found in S. latifolia that 80% of visits by H. bicruris resulted in fruit production, with 45% of ovules being fertilised after a singular pollination visit.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ "Observations". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ^ Warren. W. in Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Information on Lychnis at Funet
- ^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023). "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández, 2010. HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London". Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/havt50xw.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "The Night Shift: Moths as Nocturnal Pollinators". Xerces Society. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Villacañas de Castro, Carmen (2020-07-16). Between antagonism and mutualism: costs and benefits in a nursery pollination system (Thesis). Universität Bremen. doi:10.26092/elib/239.
- ^ Nunes, Carlos Eduardo Pereira; Maruyama, Pietro Kiyoshi; Azevedo-Silva, Marianne; Sazima, Marlies (2018-03-19). "Parasitoids Turn Herbivores into Mutualists in a Nursery System Involving Active Pollination". Current Biology. 28 (6): 980–986.e3. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E.980N. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.013. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 29526587. S2CID 4042756.
- ^ Scopece, Giovanni; Campese, Lucia; Duffy, Karl J.; Cozzolino, Salvatore (February 2018). "The relative contribution of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators to plant female fitness in a specialized nursery pollination system". AoB Plants. 10 (1): ply002. doi:10.1093/aobpla/ply002. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 5800057. PMID 29435209.
- ^ "Moths, Butterflies, and Pollination – Maryland Agronomy News". blog.umd.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Electric Power Research Institute (2022). "Lovely Lepidoptera Pollinating Butterflies and Moths" (PDF). Pollinator Partnership.
- ^ Jousselin; Kjellberg (March 2001). "The functional implications of active and passive pollination in dioecious figs". Ecology Letters. 4 (2): 151–158. Bibcode:2001EcolL...4..151J. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00209.x. ISSN 1461-023X.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Labouche, Anne-Marie; Bernasconi, Giorgina (2009-11-02). "Male moths provide pollination benefits in theSilene latifolia-Hadena bicrurisnursery pollination system". Functional Ecology. 24 (3): 534–544. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01658.x. ISSN 0269-8463.
- ^ Keys, Roy N.; Buchmann, Stephen L.; Smith, Steven E. (1995). "Pollination Effectiveness and Pollination Efficiency of Insects Foraging Prosopis velutina in South-Eastern Arizona". Journal of Applied Ecology. 32 (3): 519–527. Bibcode:1995JApEc..32..519K. doi:10.2307/2404649. ISSN 0021-8901. JSTOR 2404649.
Further reading
[edit]- Chinery, Michael Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe 1986 (Reprinted 1991)
- Skinner, Bernard Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles 1984
External links
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