Guadalupe Group

Guadalupe Group
Guadalupe Group
Stratigraphic range: Campanian-Maastrichtian; ~80–70 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Guadalupe Hill; Type locality of the Guadalupe Group
Type	Geological group
Sub-units	Arenisca Labor-Tierna; Plaeners; Arenisca Dura
Underlies	Guaduas Formation
Overlies	Villeta Group; Conejo Fm. & Chipaque Fm.
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, shale
Other	Salt (allochthonous)
Location
Coordinates	4°35′31″N 74°03′15″W / 4.59194°N 74.05417°W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Guadalupe Hill
Named by	Pérez & Salazar
Year defined	1978
Coordinates	4°35′31″N 74°03′15″W / 4.59194°N 74.05417°W
Region	Cundinamarca, Boyacá
Country	Colombia
Thickness at type section	750 metres (2,460 ft)
	; Paleogeography of Northern South America; 65 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Guadalupe Group (Spanish: Grupo Guadalupe, K₂G, Ksg) is a geological group of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, a sequence of shales and sandstones, is subdivided into three formations; Arenisca Dura, Plaeners and Arenisca Labor-Tierna, and dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Campanian-Maastrichtian epochs and at its type section has a thickness of 750 metres (2,460 ft).

Etymology

The group was published in 1978 by Pérez and Salazar and named after its type locality Guadalupe Hill in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá.^[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Guadalupe Group is characterised by three formations; two sandstone sequences, Arenisca Dura and Arenisca Labor-Tierna, and an intermediate shale formation; Plaeners.^[1]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Guadalupe Group overlies the Conejo Formation in the central part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and the Chipaque Formation in the eastern part and is overlain by the Guaduas Formation. Some authors define the Guadalupe Group as a formation and call the individual formations members.^[2] The thickness of the Guadalupe Group in its type locality Guadalupe Hill and the El Cable Hill is 750 metres (2,460 ft).^[3] The age has been estimated to be Campanian-Maastrichtian.^[4] The Guadalupe Group has been deposited in a marine environment.^[5]

Outcrops

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Type locality of the Guadalupe Group to the east of the Bogotá savanna

The formations of the Guadalupe Group are apart from its type locality at Guadalupe Hill, Bogotá, found in other parts of the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations, such as the Piedras del Tunjo in the Eastern Ranges.^[4]^[6]

At present, the Guadalupe Group in the anticlinals of Zipaquirá and Nemocón contains rock salt. These halite deposits are not originally deposited in the Late Cretaceous Guadalupe Group, yet are allochthonous diapirs formed when the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous normal faults were reactivated as reverse faults during the mayor Miocene tectonic movements of the Eastern Ranges.^[7] The salt had been deposited during the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Barremian, approximately 135 to 125 Ma),^[8] intruding into the overlying formations of the Upper Cretaceous.^[9]

Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense		El Cocuy
Maastrichtian	Umir	Córdoba		Seca		eroded		Guaduas				Colón-Mito Juan
Maastrichtian				Umir				Guadalupe
Campanian				Córdoba
Campanian				Oliní
Santonian	La Luna	Cimarrona - La Tabla										La Luna
Coniacian		Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
Coniacian		Güagüaquí	Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian		Güagüaquí	Hondita	La Frontera	Otanche		La Frontera
Cenomanian	Simití	hiatus		La Corona			Simijaca					Capacho
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho	Churuvita	Une			Aguardiente
Albian				Hiló			Hiló - Pacho	Chiquinquirá	Tibasosa	Une		Aguardiente
Albian	Tablazo			Tablazo			Capotes - La Palma - Simití	Simití		Une		Tibú-Mercedes
Aptian	Tablazo			Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque		Tibú-Mercedes
	Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras					Río Negro
						La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian					Muzo					Cáqueza	Las Juntas
Hauterivian	Rosablanca				Muzo			Ritoque			Las Juntas
Valanginian				Ritoque	Furatena	Útica - Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
Valanginian				Rosablanca	Furatena			Rosablanca			Macanal
Berriasian	Cumbre			Cumbre				Los Medios			Guavio
Berriasian	Tambor			Arcabuco				Cumbre			Guavio
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events	Catatumbo	Cordillera	proximal Llanos	distal Llanos	Putumayo	VSM	Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations	Guayabo	Soatá Sabana	Necesidad	Guayabo	Gigante Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque			Gigante Neiva
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela			Caimán	Honda				^[12]^[14]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding	León	hiatus	Caja	León	Caimán		Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[13]^[15]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2	C1		Carbonera C1		Ospina		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[14]^[13]
17.3			C2		Carbonera C2				Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19			C3		Carbonera C3				Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands	C4		Carbonera C4			Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep	C5		Carbonera C5		Orito		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[11]^[14]
25	Late Oligocene		C6		Carbonera C6		Orito		Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene		C7		C7		Pepino	Gualanday	Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[11]^[14]^[16]
32	Oligo-Eocene		C8	Usme	C8	onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[16]
35	Late Eocene		Mirador	Usme	Mirador				Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[13]^[17]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene		Socha		Los Cuervos				Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[13]^[17]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂	Los Cuervos	Bogotá	Los Cuervos			Gualanday	Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas	Barco		Rumiyaco	Gualanday	Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[10]^[11]^[14]^[13]^[18]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction	Catatumbo	Guadalupe				Monserrate	Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[10]^[13]
72	Campanian	End of rifting	Colón-Mito Juan					Monserrate				^[13]^[19]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event	La Luna	Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[10]^[13]^[20]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[14]^[20]
113	Aptian		Capacho	Fómeque			Motema	Yaví	Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[11]^[13]^[21]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity	Aguardiente	Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[10]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1	Tibú- Mercedes	Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[10]
133	Valanginian		Río Negro	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[11]^[22]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea	Jordán	Arcabuco	Buenavista Batá		Saldaña		Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[14]^[23]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Montebel Noreán	hiatus		Saldaña		Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[24]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2	Mucuchachi	Montebel Noreán			Payandé					^[14]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						Cerro Neiva ()				^[25]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Cerro Neiva ()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Ambicá ()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[22]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet					Ambicá ()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian	Silurian mystery	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet
425	Early Silurian	Silurian mystery	hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	San Pedro (450-490)		Duda ()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	San Pedro (450-490)	Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá	Guape ()		Río Nevado ()	Hígado () Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)				^[30]^[31]^[32]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	Chicamocha (490-515)	Quetame ()	Ariarí ()		SJ del Guaviare (490-590)	San Isidro ()				^[33]^[34]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		Quetame ()				San Isidro ()				^[32]^[35]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		El Barro ()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[36]^[37]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	Bucaramanga (600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[33]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[38]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			Ariarí (1000)			La Urraca (1030-1100)				^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]
1300		Rondônia-Juruá orogeny			pre-Ariarí	Parguaza (1300-1400)		Garzón (1180-1550)				^[43]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					Garzón (1180-1550)				^[44]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					Maimachi (1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[45]
1800		Tapajós orogeny				Mitú (1800)						^[43]^[45]
1950		Transamazonic orogeny				pre-Mitú						^[43]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean	Carajas-Imataca orogeny										^[43]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Panorama

The Cerro de Águilas on the Ocetá Páramo is composed of sediments belonging to the Guadalupe Group

Notes

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[46], García González et al. (2009),^[47] and geological report of Villavicencio^[48]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[46] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[49]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.37
^ Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.4
^ Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, pp.38-50
^ Villamil, 2012, p.164
^ Plancha 227, 1998
^ Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.98
^ Guerrero Uscátegui, 1993, p.12
^ García & Jiménez, 2016, p.24
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009), Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, pp. 1–219
García, Helbert; Jiménez, Giovanny (2016), "Structural analysis of the Zipaquirá Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)", Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 39 (39): 21–32, doi:10.15446/rbct.n39.50333
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1993), Informe sobre la Cuenca Petrolífera de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, pp. 1–29
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20
Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104
Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216

Maps

López, Carolina; Dávila, Camilo; González, Francisco; Parra, Eduardo; Chaquea, Claudia; Ojeda, Carolina; Q., Carlos; Espinel, Valentina; Lancheros, José A. (2011), Plancha 139 - Betoyes - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
López, Carolina; Dávila, Camilo; González, Francisco; Parra, Eduardo; Chaquea, Claudia; Ojeda, Carolina; Q., Carlos; Espinel, Valentina; Lancheros, José A. (2011), Plancha 155 - Puerto Rondón - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Rosas, Humberto (2009), Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Guerra, Álvaro; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Fuquen M., Jaime A; Osorno M, José F. (2009), Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Rosas, Humberto; Etayo Serna, Fernando (1998), Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Rodríguez, Erasmo; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos; Acosta, Jorge (1998), Plancha 208 - Villeta - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Montoya, Diana María; Reyes, Germán (2009), Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Terraza, Roberto; Moreno, Giovanni; Buitrago, José A.; Pérez, Adrián; Montoya, Diana María (2010), Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos E; Rodríguez, Erasmo; Acosta, Jorge E. (1998), Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Buitrago, José Alberto; Terraza M., Roberto; Etayo, Fernando (1998), Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (1998), Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Terraza, Roberto (2000), Plancha 264 - Espinal - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge; Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Ulloa, Carlos (1999), Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002), Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1
Velandia, Francisco; Cepeda, Héctor (2005), Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000, INGEOMINAS
Various, Authors (1997), Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000 (PDF), INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-03-16 Archived 2017-01-16 at the Wayback Machine

External links

Gómez, J.; Montes, N.E.; Nivia, Á.; Diederix, H. (2015), Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, Servicio Geológico Colombiano, p. 1, retrieved 2017-03-16

[49] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[46], García González et al. (2009),^[47] and geological report of Villavicencio^[48]

[51] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[46] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[49]

[Ingeominas_p37-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.37

[Guerrero1992_p4-2] Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.4

[Guerrero1992_p5-3] Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5

[Ingeominas_p38-50-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, pp.38-50

[Villamil_p164-5] Villamil, 2012, p.164

[Plancha227-6] Plancha 227, 1998

[Ingeominas_p98-7] Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.98

[Guerrero1993_p12-8] Guerrero Uscátegui, 1993, p.12

[GarciaJimenez_p24-9] García & Jiménez, 2016, p.24

[UISANH2009_p27-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-12] Jump up to: ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-15] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-16] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-17] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-18] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-19] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-20] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-21] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-22] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-23] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-24] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-25] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-26] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-27] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-28] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-29] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-30] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-31] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-32] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-33] Jump up to: ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-34] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-35] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-36] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-37] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-38] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-39] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-40] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-41] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-42] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-43] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-44] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-45] Jump up to: ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-46] Jump up to: ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-47] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-48] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-50] García González et al., 2009, p.60

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