Rosablanca Formation

Rosablanca Formation
Rosablanca Formation
Stratigraphic range: Valanginian; ~136–133 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Paja Fm., Ritoque Fm.
Overlies	Cumbres Fm., Girón Fm., Los Medios Fm.
Thickness	~470 m (1,540 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Shale
Location
Coordinates	4°27′07″N 74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named by	Wheeler
Location	Mesa de Los Santos
Year defined	1929
Coordinates	4°27′07″N 74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W
Region	Boyacá, Santander
Country	Colombia

The Rosablanca Formation (Spanish: Formación Rosablanca, Kir) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes and the Middle Magdalena Basin. The formation consists of grey limestones, dolomites and shales with at the upper part sandstones. The formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Valanginian epoch and has a thickness of 425 metres (1,394 ft) in the valley of the Sogamoso River.

Definition

The formation was first defined by Wheeler in 1929.^[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Rosablanca Formation is characterised by a sequence of grey limestones, dolomites and shales with a maximum thickness of 425 metres (1,394 ft) in the Sogamoso River valley.^[1]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Rosablanca Formation overlies the Arcabuco Formation and is overlain by the Ritoque Formation. The age has been estimated to be Valanginian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Macanal Formation.^[1]

Fossils

Fossils of the decapod crustacean Diaulax rosablanca have been found in and named after the Rosablanca Formation.^[2] In 2019, fossils of brachiopodSellithyris elizabetha were described from the formation.^[3] In 2020 remains of indeterminate pterosaurs were described from the formation, including pterodactyloids and non-Pteranodontian ornithocheiroids.^[4] In 2005 the remains of Platychelyid sea turtle Notoemys zapatocaensis were described,^[5] and in 2023 the limbs and shell elements of protostegids were described as some of the largest Early Cretaceous turtles.^[6]

Outcrops

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Type locality of the Rosablanca Formation in Santander

The Rosablanca Formation is found, apart from its type locality on the Mesa de Los Santos, Santander, in Boyacá and the Middle Magdalena Basin.

Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense		El Cocuy
Maastrichtian	Umir	Córdoba		Seca		eroded		Guaduas				Colón-Mito Juan
Maastrichtian				Umir				Guadalupe
Campanian				Córdoba
Campanian				Oliní
Santonian	La Luna	Cimarrona - La Tabla										La Luna
Coniacian		Oliní				Villeta	Conejo		Chipaque
Coniacian		Güagüaquí	Loma Gorda	undefined			La Frontera
Turonian		Güagüaquí	Hondita	La Frontera	Otanche		La Frontera
Cenomanian	Simití	hiatus		La Corona			Simijaca					Capacho
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló - Pacho	Churuvita	Une			Aguardiente
Albian				Hiló			Hiló - Pacho	Chiquinquirá	Tibasosa	Une		Aguardiente
Albian	Tablazo			Tablazo			Capotes - La Palma - Simití	Simití		Une		Tibú-Mercedes
Aptian	Tablazo			Capotes			Socotá - El Peñón	Paja		Fómeque		Tibú-Mercedes
	Paja			Paja	El Peñón		Trincheras					Río Negro
						La Naveta
Barremian
Hauterivian					Muzo					Cáqueza	Las Juntas
Hauterivian	Rosablanca				Muzo			Ritoque			Las Juntas
Valanginian				Ritoque	Furatena	Útica - Murca		Rosablanca	hiatus		Macanal
Valanginian				Rosablanca	Furatena			Rosablanca			Macanal
Berriasian	Cumbre			Cumbre				Los Medios			Guavio
Berriasian	Tambor			Arcabuco				Cumbre			Guavio
Sources

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events	Catatumbo	Cordillera	proximal Llanos	distal Llanos	Putumayo	VSM	Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations	Guayabo	Soatá Sabana	Necesidad	Guayabo	Gigante Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque			Gigante Neiva
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela			Caimán	Honda				^[9]^[11]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding	León	hiatus	Caja	León	Caimán		Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[10]^[12]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2	C1		Carbonera C1		Ospina		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[11]^[10]
17.3			C2		Carbonera C2				Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19			C3		Carbonera C3				Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands	C4		Carbonera C4			Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep	C5		Carbonera C5		Orito		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[8]^[11]
25	Late Oligocene		C6		Carbonera C6		Orito		Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene		C7		C7		Pepino	Gualanday	Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[8]^[11]^[13]
32	Oligo-Eocene		C8	Usme	C8	onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[13]
35	Late Eocene		Mirador	Usme	Mirador				Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[10]^[14]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene		Socha		Los Cuervos				Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[10]^[14]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂	Los Cuervos	Bogotá	Los Cuervos			Gualanday	Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas	Barco		Rumiyaco	Gualanday	Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[7]^[8]^[11]^[10]^[15]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction	Catatumbo	Guadalupe				Monserrate	Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[7]^[10]
72	Campanian	End of rifting	Colón-Mito Juan					Monserrate				^[10]^[16]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event	La Luna	Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[7]^[10]^[17]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[11]^[17]
113	Aptian		Capacho	Fómeque			Motema	Yaví	Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[8]^[10]^[18]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity	Aguardiente	Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[7]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1	Tibú- Mercedes	Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[7]
133	Valanginian		Río Negro	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[8]^[19]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea	Jordán	Arcabuco	Buenavista Batá		Saldaña		Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[11]^[20]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Montebel Noreán	hiatus		Saldaña		Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[21]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2	Mucuchachi	Montebel Noreán			Payandé					^[11]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						Cerro Neiva ()				^[22]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Cerro Neiva ()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Ambicá ()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[19]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet					Ambicá ()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian	Silurian mystery	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet
425	Early Silurian	Silurian mystery	hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	San Pedro (450-490)		Duda ()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	San Pedro (450-490)	Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá	Guape ()		Río Nevado ()	Hígado () Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)				^[27]^[28]^[29]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	Chicamocha (490-515)	Quetame ()	Ariarí ()		SJ del Guaviare (490-590)	San Isidro ()				^[30]^[31]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		Quetame ()				San Isidro ()				^[29]^[32]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		El Barro ()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[33]^[34]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	Bucaramanga (600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[30]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[35]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			Ariarí (1000)			La Urraca (1030-1100)				^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]
1300		Rondônia-Juruá orogeny			pre-Ariarí	Parguaza (1300-1400)		Garzón (1180-1550)				^[40]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					Garzón (1180-1550)				^[41]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					Maimachi (1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[42]
1800		Tapajós orogeny				Mitú (1800)						^[40]^[42]
1950		Transamazonic orogeny				pre-Mitú						^[40]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean	Carajas-Imataca orogeny										^[40]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes and references

Notes

^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[43], García González et al. (2009),^[44] and geological report of Villavicencio^[45]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[43] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[46]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.17
^ Gómez et al., 2015
^ Rojas & Sandy, 2019
^ Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (2020-10-01). "Lower Cretaceous pterosaurs from Colombia". Cretaceous Research. 114: 104526. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11404526C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104526. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 224886977.
^ E. A. Cadena Rueda, E. S. Gaffney (2005). "Notoemys zapatocaensis, a New Side-Necked Turtle (Pleurodira: Platychelyidae) from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia". American Museum Novitates (3470): 1–19. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)470<0001:NZANST>2.0.CO;2.
^ Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Combita-Romero, Diego A (2023-07-12). "The onset of large size in Cretaceous marine turtles (Protostegidae) evidenced by new fossil remains from the Valanginian of Colombia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad053. ISSN 0024-4082.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

Galvis Arenas, Beatriz Elena; Valencia Escobar, José Leonardo (2009), Contribución en la determinación de los posibles paleoambientes de las rocas Cretáceas Tempranas sobre la vía Tunja-Villa de Leyva (entre Alto del Arrayán - Peaje Sáchica) y sectores aledaños, departamento de Boyacá, Universidad de Caldas, pp. 1–127
Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Bermúdez, Hermann D.; Vega, Francisco J. (2015), "A new species of Diaulax Bell, 1863 (Brachyura: Dialucidae) in the Early Cretaceous of the Rosablanca Formation, Colombia", Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 67: 103–112, doi:10.18268/BSGM2015v67n1a8, retrieved 2017-04-04
Rojas, Alexis; Sandy, Michael R. (2019), "Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) brachiopods from the Rosablanca Formation, Colombia, South America: Biostratigraphic significance and paleogeographic implications", Cretaceous Research, 96: 184–195, Bibcode:2019CrRes..96..184R, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.12.011, retrieved 2019-02-11
Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216

Maps

Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006), Plancha 85 - Simití - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006), Plancha 96 - Bocas del Rosario - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Vargas, Rodrigo; Arias, Alfonso (2009), Plancha 97 - Cáchira - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Beltrán, Alejandro; Quintero, Claudia I. (2008), Plancha 119 - Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ward, Dwight E.; Goldsmith, Richard; Jimeno, Andrés; Cruz, Jaime; Restrepo, Hernán; Gómez, Eduardo (2010), Plancha 120 - Bucaramanga - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Beltrán, Alejandro; Lancheros, José Alfredo; López, Carolina; Chaquea, Claudia; Patiño, Alejandro; Guerra, Angela; Cabrera, Julio C.; Quintero, Claudia I.; Molano, Simón Emilio (2008), Plancha 134 - Puerto Parra - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Angarita, Leonidas; Carrillo, Víctor; Castro, Alfonso; Daconte, Rommel; Niño, Mario; Pulido, Orlando G.; Rodríguez, J. Antonio; Royero, José María; Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas, Rosalba (2009), Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Beltrán, Alejandro; Lancheros, José Alfredo; López, Carolina; Chaquea, Claudia; Patiño, Alejandro; Guerra, Angela; Cabrera, Julio C.; Quintero, Claudia I.; Molano, Simón Emilio (2008), Plancha 150 - Cimitarra - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Pulido González, Orlando (2009), Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ulloa, Carlos E; Rodríguez, Erasmo (2009), Plancha 170 - Vélez - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Rosas, Humberto (2009), Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Fuquen M., Jaime A; Osorno M, José F. (2009), Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Rosas, Humberto; Etayo Serna, Fernando (1998), Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06

External links

Gómez, J.; Montes, N.E.; Nivia, Á.; Diederix, H. (2015), Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, Servicio Geológico Colombiano, p. 1, retrieved 2017-03-16

[46] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[43], García González et al. (2009),^[44] and geological report of Villavicencio^[45]

[48] sed on Duarte et al. (2019)^[43] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[46]

[Galvis2009_p17-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.17

[Gomez2015-2] Gómez et al., 2015

[RojasSandy2019-3] Rojas & Sandy, 2019

[4] Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (2020-10-01). "Lower Cretaceous pterosaurs from Colombia". Cretaceous Research. 114: 104526. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11404526C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104526. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 224886977.

[5] E. A. Cadena Rueda, E. S. Gaffney (2005). "Notoemys zapatocaensis, a New Side-Necked Turtle (Pleurodira: Platychelyidae) from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia". American Museum Novitates (3470): 1–19. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)470<0001:NZANST>2.0.CO;2.

[6] Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Combita-Romero, Diego A (2023-07-12). "The onset of large size in Cretaceous marine turtles (Protostegidae) evidenced by new fossil remains from the Valanginian of Colombia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad053. ISSN 0024-4082.

[UISANH2009_p27-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.27

[UISANH2009_p50-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García González et al., 2009, p.50

[UISANH2009_p85-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b García González et al., 2009, p.85

[ANH2007_p60-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60

[ANH2007_p58-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58

[Plancha111_p29-12] Plancha 111, 2001, p.29

[Plancha177_p39-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39

[Plancha111_p26-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26

[Plancha111_p24-15] Plancha 111, 2001, p.24

[Plancha111_p23-16] Plancha 111, 2001, p.23

[Pulido2001_p32-17] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32

[Pulido2001_p30-18] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30

[Pulido2001_pp21_26-19] Jump up to: ^a ^b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26

[Pulido2001_p28-20] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28

[Correa2019_p49-21] Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49

[Plancha303_p27-22] Plancha 303, 2002, p.27

[Terraza2008_p22-23] Terraza et al., 2008, p.22

[Plancha229_pp46_55-24] Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55

[Plancha303_p26-25] Plancha 303, 2002, p.26

[Moreno2009_p53-26] Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53

[Figueroa2015_p43-27] Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43

[Manosalva2017_p84-28] Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84

[Plancha303_p24-29] Jump up to: ^a ^b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24

[Figueroa2015_p42-30] Jump up to: ^a ^b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42

[Arango2012_p25-31] Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

[Plancha350_p49-32] Plancha 350, 2011, p.49

[Pulido2001_pp17_21-33] Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21

[Plancha111_p13-34] Plancha 111, 2001, p.13

[Plancha303_p23-35] Plancha 303, 2002, p.23

[Plancha348_p38-36] Plancha 348, 2015, p.38

[Plancha367_414_p35-37] Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35

[Toro2014_p22-38] Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22

[Plancha303_p21-39] Plancha 303, 2002, p.21

[Bonilla2016_p19-40] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19

[GeoMap2015_p209-41] Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209

[Bonilla2016_p22-42] Jump up to: ^a ^b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22

[Duarte2019-43] Jump up to: ^a ^b Duarte et al., 2019

[UISANH2009-44] García González et al., 2009

[Pulido2001-45] Pulido & Gómez, 2001

[UISANH2009_p60-47] García González et al., 2009, p.60

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]