Новая Зеландия Большая коротковолостная летучая мышь

Новая Зеландия Большая коротковолостная летучая мышь
	Образец, проведенный в музее Окленда
Статус сохранения
	; Критически подвержены исчезновению , возможно, вымерли ( IUCN 3.1 )
	; Дефицит данных ( NZ TCS )
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Mystacinidae
Genus:	Mystacina
Species:	M. robusta
Binomial name
	Mystacina robusta; (Dwyer, 1962)

Новая Зеландия Большая коротководья ( Mystacina Robusta ) является одним из двух видов новозеландских летучих мышей , семейства ( Mystacinidae ), уникальной для Новой Зеландии . Больше, чем в Новой Зеландии меньшая летучая мышь не было подтвержденных наблюдений этого вида . , с 1965 года ^{[ 3 ]} и это считается критической угрозой исчезновения, если не вымер. ^{[ 1 ]} В доисторические времена он жил на северных и южных островах, но ко времени прибытия европейского прибытия было ограничено небольшими островами недалеко от острова Стюарт/Ракиура . Считалось, что вторжение крыс на остров Таукихепа/Большого Южного Кейп -Айленда в 1963 году привела к вымиранию вида, ^{[ 4 ]} Тем не менее, недавние опросы подняли надежды на то, что вид все еще может существовать. ^{[ 2 ]}

Описание

М. Робуста не считался отдельным от новозеландской меньшей коротковолокнистой летучей мыши ( Mystacina tuberculata ) до 1962 года, когда она была предложена в качестве подвида . ^{[ 5 ]} Он не был признан совершенно отдельным видом в Mystacinidae до 1985 года, спустя долгое время после того, как считалось, что он вымер. ^{[ 6 ]} Morphologically, M. robusta is larger than M. tuberculata with specimens of the former having a mean forearm length of 45.3-47.5mm as opposed to the latter, 40-45mm, which also has larger ears that reach beyond the muzzle when pushed forward.^[5] It is described as having a wingspan of 300mm^[7] and a body length of 90mm.^[8]

Species biology

Very little is known about the biology of the species, since it was not recognised as a separate species until after it is believed to have become extinct.^[6] Edgar Stead visited Taukihepa/Big South Cape Island in 1936 and made several observations. He described the species as flying no more than “ten feet above the ground” and always after dusk.^[9] At one point he found seven bats roosting in a tree cavity in a state of torpor. After capturing a few and putting them in a cage they crawled around on the floor,^[9] much like New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats are known to do. As well as roosting in tree cavities, it is known that they roosted in granite caves on Taukihepa/Big South Cape Island and Rerewhakaupoko/Solomon Island.^[4]

The few existing photos show that this species had dark-brown fur and darker wings.^[4] Nothing is known about their natural diet; however, it is likely to be similar to the diet of the closely related lesser short-tailed bat, which eats insects, especially beetles, flies, and moths, as well as flowers, fruit, nectar, and pollen.^[10] As a highly endangered member of an ancient evolutionary family, the species is accorded a high ranking on the EDGE list of mammals, sitting ninth.^[8]

Distribution

Sub-fossil evidence suggests that M. robusta was widespread throughout New Zealand until the arrival of the Polynesian rat (kiore).^[11]^[12] There are no records of this species from the North Island and South Island since the arrival of Europeans and it was probably restricted to several islands near Stewart island/Rakiura by this time.^[11] The only records from the twentieth century are from caves on Taukihepa/Big South Cape Island and Rerewhakaupoko/Solomon Island.^[13] Here it survived in the absence of rats until the 1960s.

Conservation status

The last refuge of this species was Taukihepa/Big South Cape Island until ship rats (Rattus rattus) were accidentally introduced in 1963. This rodent invasion decimated the bird life of the island, leading to the extinction of Stead's bush wren (Xenicus longipes variabilis) and South Island snipe (Coenocorypha iredalei). The South Island saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus) was only saved by the translocation of 36 individuals to a nearby island.^[4] M. robusta, not recognized as a separate species at the time, was not considered a priority for conservation effort and was believed to have subsequently become extinct, last seen in 1965.^[3]

In the late 2000s, eyewitness reports of bats from Taukihepa/Big South Cape Island and nearby Putauhina Island spurred new searches for this species.^[2] In 1999 an expedition to the islands recorded unusual "mystacinid-like" echolocation calls on Putauhina Island, but no bats were seen or caught on this or a subsequent expedition in 2009.^[2] As a result of this evidence the IUCN status of the species, formerly listed as extinct, has been changed to 'critically endangered'^[1] and the New Zealand threat classification is currently 'data deficient'.^[2] Further searches are required to ascertain if the species still persists on these islands. Due to its imperiled status, it is identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction as a species in danger of imminent extinction.^[14] The bat is among the 25 "most wanted lost" species that are the focus of Global Wildlife Conservation's "Search for Lost Species" initiative.^[15]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c O'Donnell, C. (2021). "Mystacina robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T14260A22070387. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T14260A22070387.en. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e O'Donnell, C. F. J.; Borkin, K.M.; Christie, J. E.; Lloyd, B.; Parsons, S.; Hitchmough, R.A. (2010). "Conservation status of New Zealand bats" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 37 (4): 297–311. doi:10.1080/03014223.2010.513395. eISSN 2324-1713. ISBN 978-1-98-851452-9. S2CID 82721267.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Blackburn (1965). "Muttonbird islands diary". Notornis. 12 (4): 191–207.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bell, E. A.; Bell, B. D.; Merton, D. V. (2016). "The legacy of Big South Cape: rat irruption to rat eradication". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 40 (2): 212. doi:10.20417/nzjecol.40.24.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Dwyer, P. D. (1962). "Studies on the two New Zealand bats". Department of Zoology.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Hill, J.E.; Daniel, M. J. (1985). "Systematics of the New Zealand short-tailed bat Mystacina Gray, 1843 (Chiroptera: Mystacinidae)". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 48: 279–300. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.23464.
^ Woodhouse, Graeme. "TerraNature | New Zealand Ecology - Extinct greater short-tailed bat (Mystacina robusta)". terranature.org. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "EDGE of Existence". EDGE of Existence. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Stead, E. F. (1936). "Notes on the short-tailed bat (Mystacops tuberculatus)". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 66, part 2: 188–191.
^ Arkins, A. M.; Winnington, A. P.; Anderson, S.; Clout, M. N. (1999). "Diet and nectarivorous foraging behaviour of the short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata)". Journal of Zoology. 247 (2): 183–187. doi:10.1017/s095283699900206x.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Lloyd, B. D. (2001). "Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: short-tailed bats". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 31 (1): 59–81. Bibcode:2001JRSNZ..31...59L. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517639.
^ Gill, B. J. (2002). "Records of Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Late Holocene Dune-Sands at Te Werahi Beach, Northland, New Zealand". Records of the Auckland Museum. 39: 45–47. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 42905857. Wikidata Q58623331.
^ Daniel, M. J.; Williams, G. R. (1984). "A survey of the distribution, seasonal activity and roost sites of New Zealand bats". New Zealand Journal of Ecology: 9–25.
^ "A Five-Year Plan for Global Bat Conservation" (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
^ "The Search for Lost Species". Global Wildlife Conservation.

External links

Коротковостые летучие мыши (Департамент сохранения Новой Зеландии)-летучие мыши с короткой хвостами
коротка Большая
Новая Зеландия Большая коротковолостная летучая мышь
Mystacina robusta (Новая Зеландия Большая коротководья летучая мышь)

[iucn-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c O'Donnell, C. (2021). "Mystacina robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T14260A22070387. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T14260A22070387.en. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

[:8-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e O'Donnell, C. F. J.; Borkin, K.M.; Christie, J. E.; Lloyd, B.; Parsons, S.; Hitchmough, R.A. (2010). "Conservation status of New Zealand bats" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 37 (4): 297–311. doi:10.1080/03014223.2010.513395. eISSN 2324-1713. ISBN 978-1-98-851452-9. S2CID 82721267.

[:0-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Blackburn (1965). "Muttonbird islands diary". Notornis. 12 (4): 191–207.

[:2-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Bell, E. A.; Bell, B. D.; Merton, D. V. (2016). "The legacy of Big South Cape: rat irruption to rat eradication". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 40 (2): 212. doi:10.20417/nzjecol.40.24.

[:3-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Dwyer, P. D. (1962). "Studies on the two New Zealand bats". Department of Zoology.

[:4-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b Hill, J.E.; Daniel, M. J. (1985). "Systematics of the New Zealand short-tailed bat Mystacina Gray, 1843 (Chiroptera: Mystacinidae)". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 48: 279–300. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.23464.

[7] Woodhouse, Graeme. "TerraNature | New Zealand Ecology - Extinct greater short-tailed bat (Mystacina robusta)". terranature.org. Retrieved 2016-09-26.

[:5-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b "EDGE of Existence". EDGE of Existence. Retrieved 2016-09-26.

[:6-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b Stead, E. F. (1936). "Notes on the short-tailed bat (Mystacops tuberculatus)". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 66, part 2: 188–191.

[10] Arkins, A. M.; Winnington, A. P.; Anderson, S.; Clout, M. N. (1999). "Diet and nectarivorous foraging behaviour of the short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata)". Journal of Zoology. 247 (2): 183–187. doi:10.1017/s095283699900206x.

[:7-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b Lloyd, B. D. (2001). "Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: short-tailed bats". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 31 (1): 59–81. Bibcode:2001JRSNZ..31...59L. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517639.

[Gill2002-12] Gill, B. J. (2002). "Records of Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Late Holocene Dune-Sands at Te Werahi Beach, Northland, New Zealand". Records of the Auckland Museum. 39: 45–47. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 42905857. Wikidata Q58623331.

[13] Daniel, M. J.; Williams, G. R. (1984). "A survey of the distribution, seasonal activity and roost sites of New Zealand bats". New Zealand Journal of Ecology: 9–25.

[strategy_plan-14] "A Five-Year Plan for Global Bat Conservation" (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2017.

[15] "The Search for Lost Species". Global Wildlife Conservation.

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