Рейдо Коломбо

Matteo Realdo Colombo или Renaldus Columbus.

Matteo Realdo Colombo (ок. 1515 - 1559) был итальянским профессором анатомии и хирургом в Университете Падуи между 1544 и 1559 годами.

Ранняя жизнь и образование

Matteo Realdo Colombo или Realdus Columbus, родился в Кремона , Ломбардия , сын аптекаря по имени Антонио Коломбо. Хотя мало что известно о его ранней жизни, известно, что он получил обучение в Милане , где изучал философию, И, похоже, он на короткое время преследовал профессию своего отца. Он оставил жизнь аптекаря и ученик хирурга Джованни Антонио Лониго, под которым он учился в течение 7 лет. В 1538 году он поступил в Университет Падуи , где был отмечен исключительным студентом анатомии. Несмотря на то, что он еще учился, он был награжден председателем софистики в университете. В 1542 году он ненадолго вернулся в Венецию, чтобы помочь своему наставнику, Лониго.

Академическая карьера

Рейлдо Коломбо изучал философию в Милане, а затем несколько лет обучался быть хирургом под приступом венецианца по имени Джованни Антонио Платона, также известного как Lonigo или Leonicus. К 1538 году, в годы Андреаса Весалия , Колумбо прибыл в Падую, где он изучал медицину, анатомию, и он читал лекции студентам по софистике или логике. Колумбо стал близким другом Весалия и, возможно, помог ему при рассечении. Весаль был в Базеле, когда Колумбо был временно назначен для преподавания на его месте, и в конечном итоге Коломбо получил эту должность более навсегда.

В 1544 году Коломбо поступил в Университет Пизы и выполнил много рассечений; Его называли «Мастером анатомии и хирургии». Затем в 1548 году Колумбо отправился в Рим, где он преподавал анатомию в Папском университете около десяти лет до своей смерти в 1559 году. Пока Коломбо был в Риме, он взял на себя проект с Микеланджело и стал его личным врачом и другом. Он намеревался сотрудничать с Микеланджело в иллюстрированном текстом анатомии, чтобы конкурировать с De Fabrica, но это так и не произошло, вероятно, из -за прогрессирующего возраста Микеланджело. Хотя о биографии Коломбо мало что известно, его отношения с более знакомым Микеланджело помогли историкам лучше понять его взгляды. Он также выполнил вскрытие на теле святого Игнатия Лойола.

Коломбо и Весаль

Отношения между Коломбо и Весалием не совсем ясны. Коломбо был назначен на один из постов в хирургии в Университете Падуи в 1541 году, чтобы заменить Весалия, когда он отправился в Базель, чтобы контролировать печать De Humani Corporis Fabrica. Часто считается, что Коломбо был учеником Весалия, но это может быть не так. Несмотря на это, они стали горькими соперниками к 1555 году. Во время обучения классам Весалия в 1543 году Коломбо указал на несколько ошибок, которые допустил Весаль, особенно приписывая свойства глаз коров глазам людей, а также утверждая, что обнаружили вену в Человеческое тело, существование которого Весалия ранее отрицал. Although Vesalius has been much maligned for correcting Galen, Colombo was the one to criticize him for his own mistakes. When Vesalius returned, he was outraged. He publicly ridiculed Colombo, calling him an "Ignoramus" and stating that "what meager knowledge [Colombo] has of anatomy he learned from me" on a number of occasions. Despite Vesalius's claims, it is likely that Colombo was a proper colleague of Vesalius rather than a student. For one thing, Vesalius attributes many of his discoveries in De Fabrica to Colombo who is referred to as a, "very good friend." Vesalius and Colombo were also from very different academic backgrounds. Vesalius was a Galenic expert, trained in Leuven, whereas Colombo began his study of anatomy as a surgeon. Finally, Colombo refers frequently to Lonigo as his teacher of surgery and anatomy, never mentioning Vesalius. While both Colombo and Vesalius were in favor of returning to the anatomical practice of vivisection, as the Alexandrians did, Colombo was the only one to actually do so. This is one of the main reasons as to why Colombo criticized Vesalius. Vesalius criticized Galen while he himself continued to show the anatomy of animals, instead of humans, in his book.

Colombo and Falloppio

Title page of De Re Anatomica

Colombo's only published text, De Re Anatomica, was released shortly after his death in 1559. His sons, Lazarus and Phoebus, were responsible for overseeing the final stages of the publishing process of his book after Colombo’s death interrupted it. Many of the contributions made in De Re Anatomica overlapped the discoveries of another anatomist, Gabriele Falloppio, most notably in that both Colombo and Falloppio claimed to have discovered the clitoris. Although both Colombo and Falloppio gave claim to what was actually the re-discovery of the clitoris, it is Colombo who is credited as having been the anatomist who correctly identified the clitoris as a predominantly sexual organ. Falloppio published his own book, Observationes Anatomicae, in 1561, but there is evidence that Falloppio had written notes on his discovery of the clitoris eleven years earlier in 1550. In 1574, Leone Giovanni Battista Carcano (1536–1606), a student of Falloppio, formally charged Colombo of plagiarism, although since Colombo had been dead for over a decade nothing came of these charges.

Colombo’s criticisms of Galen

Realdo Colombo did not accept the work of previous anatomists without proof, and in some cases sought to criticize or discredit them. He especially criticized Galen’s work, and was angered by those who swore on Galen’s ideas, saying “that they dare to affirm that Galen is to be taken as Gospel, and that nothing in his writing is not true!” For example, he argued that Galen’s use of animals in dissection was not solid evidence that his anatomy was sound. He also criticized Vesalius for his hypocrisy in correcting Galen’s work while still avoiding human dissection. Colombo instead respected the work of Alexandrian physicians, as he viewed their use of human dissection as more accurate than animal dissection or vivisection. His use of vivisection to examine the contractions of the heart and arteries contradicted Galen’s findings, and supported the theories of the Alexandrian physician Erasistratus.

Prior to Colombo’s work, anatomists such as Galen and Vesalius examined blood vessels separately from the organs of the body. Colombo instead considered these vessels together with the organs they support, and from this was able to conceptualize the flow of blood to and from each organ, supporting his discovery of pulmonary transition of the blood. Colombo also viewed the lungs separately from the heart, and assigned it as having a special role in respiration. This approach to examination gave him a more firm understanding of the functions of the organs as well, and strengthened his criticisms of Galen.

Methodology

Colombo put an emphasis on vivisection, the practice of experimentation or scientific research on live animals, in order to learn about the different bodily functions of the human body. According to Colombo’s book, “De Re Anatomica Libri XV,” he put energy into dissecting, in particular the cadavers of men. Colombo anatomized the live, active body whereas his contemporaries had anatomized the dead body. Colombo’s concentration on vivisection revived the practice of ancient Alexandrian anatomists, using live animals instead of dead, which led him to adopting this new way of conceptualizing the body. The vivisection method enabled Colombo to study the operation of the voice, the motion of the lungs, the heart and the motion of the arteries, the dilation and contraction of the brain, variations of the pulse and other functions.

With the centrality of vivisection, the three ‘rivers’ was also emphasized in Colombo’s book, specifically Book XI. “There are three fountain-heads, the liver, heart, and brain, from which are distributed throughout the body the three rivers of the natural blood, the vital blood and the animal spirits respectively. The view of the three rivers does not come from any known ancient source.” Although there were many important organs like the liver in the abdomen area and the heart, for Columbo, the supreme organ was the brain. Colombo described the organs in the form of hierarchy and because the brain was said to be the most noble of organ, it was ‘King of the principal members’ of the body. The supremacy of the brain was directly related to his view of the three rivers. “What is generated in the brain and distributed through the nerves, is what differentiates the live body from the dead one.” Among other reasons, the most important one for the brain being King of all organs, is the fact that the brain is the source of sense and motion.

Contributions to anatomy

Colombo made several important advances in anatomy, including the discovery of the pulmonary circuit which paved the way for William Harvey's discovery of circulation years later. In the Galenic tradition, blood passed between the ventricles of the heart through micropores in the heart's septum and venous blood became arterial blood in the left ventricle of the heart where air was supplied by the pulmonary vein. During vivisections of dogs and other animals, Colombo repeatedly found only blood, and no air, in the pulmonary vein. In his model, venous blood travelled from the heart to the lungs where it was mixed with air and then returned to the heart. The permeability of the septum was questioned by Michael Servetus in Christianismi Restitutio in 1553 and by Ibn al-Nafis in the 13th century and both proposed that the blood was pushed from the right ventricle to the left via the lungs, however, both of these accounts were largely forgotten. Colombo was the first to propose the pulmonary circuit in an intellectual climate that could expand on his theory. In addition to the pulmonary circuit, Colombo also discovered that the main action of the heart was contraction, rather than dilation as had previously been thought. Both of these discoveries were later confirmed by William Harvey.

In addition, Colombo is credited with coining the term "placenta" and in his work describes the placenta as a place where pure and perfect blood is stored for the baby before birth. He believes Galen misinterpreted the placenta when it comes to humans and challenges Galen’s views on the placenta because Galen only performed dissections on animals. Colombo argues that performing vivisections helps one to understand how the system works as a whole. At the time his work in this anatomical area was revolutionary and provided the basis for the understanding of the placenta and other anatomical structures we have today. These detailed descriptions and critiques are in his book De Re Anatomica Libri XV.

Much cited is Columbo's naming and description of the clitoris as "Amor Veneris, vel Dulcedo Appelletur." He stated, "It should be called the love or sweetness of Venus." (See historical and modern perceptions of the clitoris.) While Colombo was not the first to discover the clitoris, he is one of the first to propose its role in female sexual pleasure. This finding caused quite a stir amongst the general public as it was already thought that females had anatomy corresponding to their male counterparts; the addition of a bodily structure could cause women to be viewed as hermaphrodites.

Written works

The structure of Colombo's book, On anatomizing, is indicative of the way in which Colombo went about dissecting subjects for his research. Not only was the order and structure of this work very thought out, but also it differed from the structure of other anatomists at the time.

Colombo's anatomical text consisted of 15 different books, each of which covered information concerning a different part of the body. Book 1 described the bones, while Book 2 and Book three, respectively, outlined the cartilages and ligaments that could be found within the human body. Book 4 explains the skeleton as a whole, bringing together the individually discussed anatomical elements described in the preceding three books. The muscles of the human body are described in Book 5, and the liver and veins share the content of Book 6. Book 7 explains the heart and arteries and is followed by a Book 8's discussion of the brain and nerves. Glands in general are described in Book 9, and Book 10 is dedicated to the explanation of the eyes. The viscera are covered in Book 11. Book 12 outlines the formation of the fetus while book 13 details the covering of the human body, or skin. Vivisections, a practice used regularly by Colombo are described in Book 14. Book 15 closes out the anatomical text by listing things Colombo himself saw that fell under the category of "things rarely seen in anatomy."

This method of organizing his anatomical work was, at this time, a break from previous anatomizing tradition. Colombo dealt with each major organ in conjunction with their vessels, whereas previous anatomists, including Vesalius, separated organs from their vessels. In addition to this break from tradition, Colombo did not include the lungs in his discussion of the heart and their vessels, the arteries. It was this severing of the conceptual link between the lungs and the heart that had existed since the time of Galen that made Colombo’s discovery of the pulmonary transit of blood possible.

In fiction

Federico Andahazi's 1997 novel El anatomista ("The Anatomist") compares Colombo to Christopher Columbus, drawing parallels between the discovery of the clitoris and of the New World.

See also

• Timeline of medicine and medical technology

Внешние ссылки

• Эта статья включает в себя текст из публикации, который сейчас в общественном доступе : Герберманн, Чарльз, изд. (1913). « Матео Рейлдо Коломбо ». Католическая энциклопедия . Нью -Йорк: Роберт Эпплтон Компания.
• http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9024815
• http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a3_212b.html
• Онлайн -галереи, коллекции истории науки, библиотеки Университета Оклахомы - изображения работ и/или портретов Realdo Colombo в формате.