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2014 Brazilian general election

2014 Brazilian general election
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Presidential election
5 October 2014 (first round)
26 October 2014 (second round)
Opinion polls
Turnout80.61% (first round)
78.90% (second round)
 
NomineeDilma RousseffAécio Neves
PartyPTPSDB
AllianceFor Brazil to Keep on ChangingChange Brazil
Running mateMichel TemerAloysio Nunes
Popular vote54,501,11851,041,155
Percentage51.64%48.36%
Presidential election results
President before election

Dilma Rousseff
PT

Elected President

Dilma Rousseff
PT

Chamber of Deputies
All 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
257 seats needed for a majority
PartyLeader%Seats+/–
PTVicente Paulo da Silva13.9469−19
PSDBAntônio Imbassahy11.3954+1
PMDBEduardo Cunha11.1066−13
PPEduardo da Fonte6.6138−5
PSBBeto Albuquerque6.44340
PSD6.1436New
PRBernardo Santana5.7934−7
RepublicanosGeorge Hilton4.5521+13
DEMMendonça Filho4.2021−21
PTBJovair Arantes4.0225+4
PDTFélix Mendonça Jr.3.5719−9
Solidarity2.7715New
PSCAndré Moura2.5913−5
PVSarney Filho2.068−7
PROS2.0311New
PPSRubens Bueno2.0110−2
PCdoBJandira Feghali1.9710−5
PSOLIvan Valente1.795+2
PHSNone0.955+3
PTdoBLuis Tibé0.841−2
PSLNone0.8310
PRPFrancisco Sampaio0.753+1
PTNNone0.744+4
PEN0.692New
PSDC0.522+2
PMN0.483−1
PRTB0.471−1
PTC0.352+1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Federal Senate
27 of the 81 seats in the Federal Senate
PartyLeader%Seats+/–
PSDBAloysio Nunes26.7310−1
PTHumberto Costa16.9612−3
PMDBEunício Oliveira13.5818−1
PSBRodrigo Rollemberg13.577+4
PSD8.003New
PDTAcir Gurgacz4.048+4
DEMJosé Agripino3.935−1
PTBGim Argello3.143−3
PROS2.501New
PPFrancisco Dornelles2.1650
PSOLRandolfe Rodrigues1.171−1
PCdoBVanessa Grazziotin0.901−1
PVPaulo Davim0.811+1
PRAlfredo Nascimento0.7840
Solidarity0.411New
RepublicanosMarcelo Crivella0.3410
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

General elections were held in Brazil on 5 October 2014 to elect the president, the National Congress, and state governorships.[1] As no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round on 5 October 2014, a second-round runoff was held on 26 October 2014.[1]

Elections were held in the midst of the devastating 2014 Brazilian economic crisis.[2] President Dilma Rousseff of the left-wing Workers' Party ran for reelection, choosing incumbent Vice President Michel Temer of the centre-right Brazilian Democratic Movement as her running-mate. During her first term, Rousseff's presidency was rocked by the 2013 protests in Brazil, initiated mainly by the Free Fare Movement, in response to social inequality in the country.[3]

Aécio Neves, a senator from the electorally-crucial[4] state of Minas Gerais and the grandson of former president-elect Tancredo Neves, entered the race as the candidate of the centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party. Neves, who previously served as a popular Governor of Minas Gerais,[5] had previously considered running for president in 2010 before ultimately declining. Unlike in past presidential elections, the PSDB ticket consisted of two members of the party, with São Paulo Senator Aloysio Nunes serving as his running mate.

Former Pernambuco Governor Eduardo Campos, who had served with Rousseff in the left-wing Lula administration, entered the race as a centre-left alternative to Rousseff on the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) ticket.[6] For his running mate, Campos chose Marina Silva, an environmentalist politician from the state of Acre who performed unexpectedly well in the 2010 presidential election. However, Campos unexpectedly died in a plane crash less than two months before the first round of voting, and Silva replaced him at the top of the ticket.

In the first round of voting, Dilma Rousseff won 41.6% of the vote, ahead of Aécio Neves with 33.6% and Marina Silva with 21.3%.[7] Rousseff and Neves contested the runoff on 26 October, and Rousseff won re-election by a narrow margin, 51.6% to Neves' 48.4%, the closest margin for a Brazilian presidential election since 1989.[8]

Presidential election

[edit]

Incumbent President Dilma Rousseff of the Workers' Party (PT), Brazil's first female president, was challenged by 11 other candidates. Minas Gerais Senator Aécio Neves from the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and Marina Silva from the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) were her main rivals. Since none of the candidates obtained over 50% of the valid votes in the 5 October election, a second-round election was held on 26 October between Rousseff and Neves, who had finished first and second respectively in the 5 October vote.

In the run-up to the election, allies of 2010 PSDB presidential nominee José Serra pushed for Governor of São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin, who served as the party's nominee in 2006, to serve as the party's nominee versus Dilma.[9] One of the people who pushed for Alckmin's nomination was Senator from São Paulo Aloysio Nunes, who was later chosen as the running-mate of Neves.[10]

The original PSB candidate had been Eduardo Campos. However, he died in a plane crash in Santos on 13 August 2014,[11] after which the party chose Silva, who had been his running mate, to replace him as the presidential candidate.[12]

Conservative federal deputy Jair Bolsonaro had publicly declared his interest in running for either the presidency or vice presidency in the run-up to the election.[13] However, Bolsonaro did not enter the race.

Aécio Neves running mate selection

[edit]

Six potential running mates were speculated on as potential vice presidential candidates to run with Aécio Neves on the PSDB ticket according to reporting done by O Globo.[14]

Campaign issues

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Dilma Rousseff
[edit]

Rousseff defended the significant economic gains and improvements in living standards during her administration and that of her predecessor, Lula da Silva.

Aécio Neves
[edit]

Neves proposed sweeping reductions in the welfare state and state intervention in the economy.

Allegations of corruption

[edit]

Shortly before the election, a former executive of the state-run oil company Petrobras accused a minister, three state governors, six senators and dozens of congressmen from President Dilma Rousseff's Workers’ Party (PT) and several coalition allies of having accepted kickback payments from contracts.[21]

Candidates

[edit]

Candidates in runoff

[edit]
PartyPresidential candidateVice presidential candidate[a]Coalition

Workers' Party
(PT 13)		Dilma Rousseff]]Dilma Rousseff
President of Brazil (2011–2016)
Chief of Staff of the Presidency (2005–2010)		Michel TemerMichel Temer (PMDB)
Vice President of Brazil (2011–2016)
President of the Chamber of Deputies (1997–2001; 2009–2010)		With the Strength of the People:

Brazilian Social Democracy Party
(PSDB 45)		Aécio nevesAécio Neves
Senator for Minas Gerais (2011–2019)
Governor of Minas Gerais (2003–2010)		Aloysio NunesAloysio Nunes
Senator for São Paulo (2011–2019)
Minister of Justice (2001–2002)		Change Brazil:

Candidates failing to make runoff

[edit]
PartyPresidential candidateVice presidential candidate[a]Coalition

United Socialist Workers' Party
(PSTU 16)		José Maria de AlmeidaJosé Maria de AlmeidaCláudia Durans—

Social Christian Party
(PSC 20)		Everaldo PereiraEveraldo Pereira
Deputy Chief of Staff of Rio de Janeiro (1999–2003)		Leonardo Gadelha—

Brazilian Communist Party
(PCB 21)		Mauro IasiMauro IasiSofia ManzanoSofia Manzano—

Christian Social Democratic Party
(PSDC 27)		José Maria EymaelJosé Maria Eymael
Federal Deputy for São Paulo (1986–1995)		Roberto Lopes—
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
(PRTB 28)		Levy FidelixLevy FidelixJosé Alves de Oliveira—

Workers' Cause Party
(PCO 29)		Rui Costa PimentaRui Costa PimentaRicardo Machado—
Brazilian Socialist Party
(PSB 40)		Marina SilvaMarina Silva
Senator for Acre (1995–2011)		Beto AlbuquerqueBeto Albuquerque
Federal Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul (1995–2015)		United for Brazil:

Green Party
(PV 43)		Eduardo JorgeEduardo Jorge
Federal Deputy for São Paulo (1986–2003)		Célia SacramentoCélia Sacramento
Vice Mayor of Salvador (2013–2017)		—

Socialism and Liberty Party
(PSOL 50)		Luciana GenroLuciana Genro
Federal Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul (2003–2011)		Jorge PazJorge Paz—

Debates

[edit]
2014 Brazilian presidential election debates
 No.DateHost and LocationModeratorParticipants
Key:
 P  Present  N  Not invited  Out  Out of the election		PTPSDBPSBPSOLPVPSCPRTBPSDC
RousseffNevesSilvaGenroJorgePereiraFidelixEymael
1.1Tuesday, 26 August 2014Band TV
São Paulo, Morumbi		Ricardo BoechatPPPPPPPN
1.2Monday, 1 September 2014SBT, Folha de S. Paulo, Jovem Pan, UOL
Osasco, Industrial Anhanguera		Carlos NascimentoPPPPPPPN
1.3Tuesday, 16 September 2014TV Aparecida, CNBB
Aparecida, São Paulo		Rodolpho GamberiniPPPPPPPP
1.4Sunday, 28 September 2014RecordTV, R7
São Paulo, Lapa		Adriana Araújo, Celso FreitasPPPPPPPN
1.5Thursday, 2 October 2014TV Globo, G1
Rio de Janeiro, Jacarepaguá		William BonnerPPPPPPPN
2.1Tuesday, 14 October 2014Band TV
São Paulo, Morumbi		Ricardo BoechatPPOut
2.2Thursday, 16 October 2014SBT, Folha de S. Paulo, Jovem Pan, UOL
Osasco, Industrial Anhanguera		Carlos NascimentoPP
2.3Sunday, 19 October 2014RecordTV, R7
São Paulo, Lapa		Adriana Araújo, Celso FreitasPP
2.4Friday, 24 October 2014TV Globo, G1
Rio de Janeiro, Jacarepaguá		William BonnerPP

Opinion polls

[edit]

First round

[edit]
Polling aggregates
Active candidates
  Dilma Rousseff (PT)
  Aécio Neves (PSDB)
  Marina Silva (PSB)
  Eduardo Campos (PSB)
  Others
  Abstentions/Undecided
Pollster/client(s)Date(s)
conducted		Sample
size		Rousseff
PT		Lula
PT		Neves
PSDB		Serra
PSDB		Silva
PSB/PV		Campos
PSB		Genro
PSOL		Rodrigues
PSOL		Sampaio
PSOL		Pereira
PSC		Jorge
PV		OthersAbst.
Undec.		Lead
2014 election5 Oct–41.59%–33.55%–21.32%–1.55%––0.75%0.61%0.64%9.64%8.04
Ibope (exit poll)5 Oct64,20044%–30%–22%–1%––<1%<1%<1%–14%
Datafolha3–4 Oct18,11640%–24%–22%–1%––1%1%<1%10%16%
Datafolha29–30 Sep7,52040%–20%–25%–1%––1%<1%<1%10%15%
Ibope27–29 Sep3,01039%–19%–25%–1%––1%<1%<1%14%14%
Ibope20–22 Sep3,01038%–19%–29%–<1%––1%<1%<1%12%9%
Vox Populi20–21 Sep2,00040%–17%–22%–1%––1%0%0%18%18%
Datafolha17–18 Sep5,34037%–17%–30%–1%––1%<1%<1%13%7%
Ibope13–15 Sep3,01036%–19%–30%–<1%––1%<1%<1%13%6%
Vox Populi13–14 Sep2,00036%–15%–27%–1%––1%1%<1%20%9%
Datafolha8–9 Sep10,56836%–15%–33%–1%––1%1%<1%13%3%
CNI/Ibope5–8 Sep2,00239%–15%–31%–<1%––1%<1%<1%13%8%
Datafolha1–3 Sep10,05435%–14%–34%–1%––1%1%1%13%1%
Ibope31 Aug–2 Sep2,50637%–15%–33%–<1%––1%<1%<1%12%4%
Datafolha28–29 Aug2,87434%–15%–34%–<1%––2%<1%<1%14%Tie
CNT/MDA21–24 Aug2,20236.2%–16.0%–28.2%–0.3%––1.3%0.4%0.5%19.1%8.0%
Ibope23–25 Aug2,50634%–19%–29%–1%––1%<1%<1%15%5%
Datafolha14–15 Aug2,84336%–20%–21%–<1%––3%1%<1%17%15%
41%–25%–––<1%––4%1%2%25%16%
13 AugEduardo Campos dies in a plane crash; Marina Silva is nominated the new PSB candidate
Ibope3–6 Aug2,50638%–23%––9%1%––3%1%1%24%15%
Ibope18–21 Jul2,00238%–22%––8%1%––3%1%1%25%16%
Datafolha15–16 Jul5,37736%–20%––8%1%––3%1%3%27%16%
Datafolha1–2 Jul2,85738%–20%––9%1%––4%1%3%24%18%
Ibope13–15 Jun2,00239%–21%––10%–––3%–6%21%18%
Ibope4–7 Jun2,00238%–22%––13%–––3%1%3%20%16%
Datafolha3–5 Jun4,33734%–19%––7%––––––30%15%
Vox Populi31 May–1 Jun2,20040%–21%––8%–<1%–2%<1%<1%28%19%
Ibope15–19 May2,00240%–20%––11%–––3%1%1%24%20%
Datafolha7–8 May2,84437%–20%––11%–1%–3%1%2%24%17%
41%–22%––14%––––––23%19%
–52%19%––11%––––––18%33%
–49%17%––9%–1%–2%1%2%19%32%
Ibope10–14 Apr2,00237%–14%––6%–1%–2%0%1%37%23%
37%–14%–10%––1%–2%–0%33%23%
Vox Populi6–8 Apr2,20040%–16%––10%–0%–2%1%3%29%22%
Datafolha2–3 Apr2,63738%–16%––10%–0%–2%1%3%29%22%
43%–18%––14%––––––25%25%
39%–16%–27%–––––––19%12%
–52%16%––11%––––––21%36%
–48%14%–23%–––––––15%25%
Ibope13–17 Mar2,00240%–13%––6%–1%–3%–0%36%27%
40%–13%–9%––1%–2%–0%34%27%
Datafolha19–20 Feb2,61447%–17%––12%––––––24%30%
43%–15%–23%–––––––24%28%
42%–15%––8%–––––16%20%22%
41%–12%–17%––––––14%16%24%
44%–16%––9%–<1%–3%1%1%26%28%
–54%15%––9%––––––21%39%
–51%14%–19%–––––––16%32%
Vox Populi Archived 2014-10-11 at the Wayback Machine13–15 Feb2,20141%–17%––6%–<1%–<1%–<1%35%24%
2010 election3 Oct 2010–46.91%––32.61%19.33%–––0.87%––0.288.64%14.30

Second round

[edit]
Polling aggregates
Active candidates
  Dilma Rousseff (PT)
  Aécio Neves (PSDB)
Pollster/client(s)Date(s)
conducted		Sample
size		Rousseff
PT		Neves
PSDB		Abst.
Undec.		Lead
2014 election26 Oct–51.64%48.36%6.34%3.28%
Valid votes
Vox Populi25 Oct2,00054%46%–8%
Datafolha24–25 Oct19,31852%48%–3%
Ibope24–25 Oct3,01053%47%–6%
CNT/MDA23–24 Oct2,00249.7%50.3%–0.6%
Datafolha22–23 Oct9,91053%47%–6%
Datafolha21 Oct4,35552%48%–4%
Ibope20–22 Oct3,01054%46%–8%
Datafolha20 Oct4,38952%48%–4%
Vox Populi18–19 Oct2,00052%48%–4%
CNT/MDA18–19 Oct2,00250.5%49.5%–1%
Datafolha14–15 Oct9,08149%51%–2%
Ibope12–14 Oct3,01049%51%–2%
Vox Populi Archived 2018-01-24 at the Wayback Machine11–12 Oct2,00051%49%–2%
Datafolha8–9 Oct2,87949%51%–2%
Ibope7–8 Oct3,01049%51%–2%
Total votes
Vox Populi25 Oct2,00048%41%10%7%
Datafolha24–25 Oct19,31847%43%10%4%
Ibope24–25 Oct3,01049%43%8%6%
CNT/MDA23–24 Oct2,00244.7%45.3%10.1%0.6%
Datafolha22–23 Oct9,91048%42%10%6%
Datafolha21 Oct4,35547%43%10%4%
Ibope20–22 Oct3,01049%41%10%8%
Datafolha20 Oct4,38946%43%11%3%
Vox Populi18–19 Oct2,00046%43%11%3%
CNT/MDA18–19 Oct2,00245.5%44.5%10.0%1%
Datafolha14–15 Oct9,08143%45%12%2%
Ibope12–14 Oct3,01043%45%12%2%
Vox Populi Archived 2018-01-24 at the Wayback Machine11–12 Oct2,00045%44%11%1%
Datafolha8–9 Oct2,87944%46%10%2%
Ibope7–8 Oct3,01044%46%10%2%

Results

[edit]

President

[edit]
Second Round results
Municipalities won by Dilma Rousseff:      
Municipalities won by Aécio Neves:      
CandidateRunning matePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Dilma RousseffMichel Temer (PMDB)Workers' Party43,267,66841.5954,501,11851.64
Aécio NevesAloysio NunesBrazilian Social Democracy Party34,897,21133.5551,041,15548.36
Marina SilvaBeto AlbuquerqueBrazilian Socialist Party22,176,61921.32
Luciana GenroJorge PazSocialism and Liberty Party1,612,1861.55
Everaldo PereiraLeonardo GadelhaSocial Christian Party780,5130.75
Eduardo JorgeCélia SacramentoGreen Party630,0990.61
Levy FidelixJosé Alves de OliveiraBrazilian Labour Renewal Party446,8780.43
José Maria de AlmeidaCláudia DuransUnited Socialist Workers' Party91,2090.09
José Maria EymaelRoberto LopesChristian Social Democratic Party61,2500.06
Mauro IasiSofia ManzanoBrazilian Communist Party47,8450.05
Rui Costa PimentaRicardo MachadoWorkers' Cause Party12,3240.01
Total104,023,802100.00105,542,273100.00
Valid votes104,023,80290.36105,542,27393.66
Invalid/blank votes11,099,0819.647,141,6066.34
Total votes115,122,883100.00112,683,879100.00
Registered voters/turnout142,822,04680.61142,822,04678.90
Source: Election Resources

Voter demographics

[edit]
Demographic subgroupRousseffNeves% of
total vote
Total vote5248100
Gender
Men514948
Women544652
Age
16–24 years old505016
25–34 years old524723
35–44 years old554520
45–59 years old534724
60 and older505017
Education
Less than high school613936
High school diploma514943
Bachelor's degree or more396121
Family income
Under 2x min wage633738
2-5x min wage505039
5-10x min wage406013
Over 10x min wage356510
Region
Southeast445644
South455515
Northeast703027
Central-West44567
North58427
Source: Datafolha

Chamber of Deputies

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Workers' Party13,554,16613.9469–19
Brazilian Social Democracy Party11,073,63111.3954+1
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party10,791,94911.1066–13
Progressive Party6,429,7916.6138–5
Brazilian Socialist Party6,267,8786.44340
Social Democratic Party5,967,9536.1436New
Party of the Republic5,635,5195.7934–7
Brazilian Republican Party4,423,9934.5521+13
Democrats4,085,4874.2021–21
Brazilian Labour Party3,914,1934.0225+4
Democratic Labour Party3,469,1683.5719–9
Solidariedade2,689,7012.7715New
Social Christian Party2,520,4212.5913–5
Green Party2,004,4642.068–7
Republican Party of the Social Order1,977,1172.0311New
Popular Socialist Party1,955,6892.0110–2
Communist Party of Brazil1,913,0151.9710–5
Socialism and Liberty Party1,745,4701.795+2
Humanist Party of Solidarity926,6640.955+3
Labour Party of Brazil812,4970.841–2
Social Liberal Party808,7100.8310
Progressive Republican Party724,8250.753+1
National Labour Party723,1820.744+4
National Ecologic Party667,9830.692New
Christian Social Democratic Party509,9360.522+2
Party of National Mobilization467,7770.483–1
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party454,1900.471–1
Christian Labour Party338,1170.352+1
United Socialist Workers' Party188,4730.1900
Free Fatherland Party141,2540.150New
Brazilian Communist Party66,9790.0700
Workers' Cause Party12,9690.0100
Total97,263,161100.005130
Valid votes97,263,16184.65
Invalid votes7,536,8336.56
Blank votes10,106,5868.80
Total votes114,906,580100.00
Registered voters/turnout142,384,19380.70
Source: Election Resources

Senate

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats
WonTotal+/–
Brazilian Social Democracy Party23,880,07826.73410–1
Workers' Party15,155,81816.96212–3
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party12,129,96913.58518–1
Brazilian Socialist Party12,123,19413.5737+4
Social Democratic Party7,147,2458.0023New
Democratic Labour Party3,609,6434.0448+4
Democrats3,515,4263.9335–1
Brazilian Labour Party2,803,9993.1423–3
Republican Party of the Social Order2,234,1322.5001New
Progressive Party1,931,7382.16150
Socialism and Liberty Party1,045,2751.1701–1
Communist Party of Brazil803,1440.9001–1
Green Party723,5760.8101+1
Party of the Republic696,4620.78140
Solidarity370,5070.4101New
United Socialist Workers' Party355,5850.40000
Brazilian Republican Party301,1620.34010
Progressive Republican Party170,2570.19000
Brazilian Communist Party68,1990.08000
National Ecologic Party65,5970.0700New
Party of National Mobilization57,9110.0600–1
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party38,4290.04000
Christian Social Democratic Party31,0110.03000
Free Fatherland Party29,3660.0300New
Christian Labour Party21,9930.02000
Social Christian Party19,2860.0200–1
Labour Party of Brazil11,3000.01000
Workers' Cause Party8,5610.01000
National Labour Party2,7410.00000
Total89,351,604100.0027810
Valid votes89,351,60477.76
Invalid votes14,153,69812.32
Blank votes11,401,2809.92
Total votes114,906,582100.00
Registered voters/turnout142,384,19380.70
Source: Election Resources

Aftermath

[edit]

The small difference between the votes of both candidates, around 3.5 million, made this election to be the most disputed of Brazil since the redemocratization.[22] Dilma was sworn in as 36th President of Brazil on 1 January 2015 in a ceremony conducted by Renan Calheiros in the floor of the Chamber of Deputies.[23]

International reaction

[edit]
Swearing-in ceremony of Dilma Rousseff, in 2015.

Presidents and representatives of different countries saluted the victory of Dilma Rousseff on 26 October over Aécio Neves.[24]

  •  Argentina - Argentinian President Cristina Kirchner used her social media to salute Dilma. In a letter directed to Dilma and published in her Facebook page, Kirchner celebrated the results of the election in Brazil which, according to her, "shows the Brazilian society reaffirming their unshakable commitment with a political project that guarantees economic growth with social inclusion". Also stated that the mutual cooperation between Brazil and Argentina would increase from this moment.[25]
  •  Bolivia - Bolivian President Evo Morales highlighted president Dilma's victory and stated that it "represents the model of change" in Brazil and in the Latin America. "Bolivia salutes the triumph of partner Dilma. We greet the continuity of the model of change in Brazil and the region", declared the leader in Shinahota, according to the state agency ABI.[26]
  •  El Salvador - Salvadoran President Salvador Sánchez Cerén congratulated Dilma for her victory through his Twitter account.[27]
  •  Ecuador - Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa celebrated, in his Twitter account, the "amazing victory of Dilma in Brazil". "We salute the president of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, for her today's electoral victory", commented the Ecuatorial chancellor, Ricardo Patiño, also using the social network.[27]
  •  France - The French government greeted president Rousseff for her reelection. "France wishes to work in strict cooperation with the Brazilian government to boost the strategic partnership between both countries in all areas", declared the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The French government also remembered that the relationship with Brazil was centered in three priorities: reinforce the political dialogue about climate changes, increase commercial and investment connections, and dynamize the cooperation of university exchange programs.[28]
  •  Germany - German Chancellor Angela Merkel sent a telegram congratulating Dilma Rousseff for her reelection, expressing in text the possibility to keep the ties between both countries. "I congratulate you for the reelection as president of Brazil. I am glad that we can keep our political and economic cooperation. In face of the challenges that both nations are facing, only together and as partners, we can overcome them", stated Merkel.[29]
  •  Russia - Russian President Vladimir Putin also congratulated Dilma for her reelection and stated "the victory in the polls is a proof of the popular support for her politics". In his telegram, Putin expressed that "the results of the voting showed that the people supports Dilma Rousseff's politics and looks for the economic development of the country and the strengthening of its international positions". The Russian president also rated as very good the attention Dilma gives to the "strengthening of the Russian-Brazilian strategic association".[30]
  •  United States - American President Barack Obama congratulated Dilma and requested that the ties with Brazil should be strengthened, which, according to Obama, it was "an important ally of the United States". The American president also expressed interest to schedule a meeting to discuss the possibility to "reinforce the collaboration for the world security and the respect to human rights, as well as deepen the bilateral cooperation in areas like education, energy and, mostly, trade".[31]
  •  Venezuela - Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro highlighted Dilma's victory in his official Twitter account, shortly after the announce of the first results. "Victory of Dilma in Brazil. Victory of the People. Victory of Lula and his legacy. Victory of the people of Latin America and Caribbean", stated in his account.[32]

Besides chiefs of state, the international press also reverberated Dilma's victory. The New York Times in the United States highlighted the reelection on the front page of the newspaper and states that the victory "endosses a leftist leader who has achieved important gains in reducing poverty and keeping unemployment low";[33] Argentine El Clarín highlighted on the front page that Dilma won by a narrow margin "at the end of a tough campaign, full of denounced and mutual accusations";[34] for the United Kingdom Financial Times, "Dilma now faces the task of uniting a country divided by the most aggressive campaign of recent times, to resurrect a creeping economy and pacify hostile markets";[35] Venezuelan El Universal highlighted on its first page Aécio Neves' reaction, who acknowledged his defeated and highlighted in his speech that "the priority now is to unite Brazil";[36] French Le Monde mentioned the defeat in São Paulo, main electoral college of the country, but "compensated by the victory in Minas Gerais, the second largest electoral college and Aécio Neves' political fief";[37] Spanish El País brings as a highlight an article signed by journalist Juan Arais, from Rio de Janeiro, entitled "The political change in Brazil will have to wait".[38]

Crisis

[edit]
Main article: 2014 Brazilian economic crisis
Percentage change of Brazil's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), according to Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.[39] It is notice the low growth in 2014 and severe drops in the following years.

From 2014 and on, right after the results of the elections, an economic crisis began in Brazil, having as a consequence the strong economic recession, succeeded by a retreat of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for 2 consecutive years.[40][41] The economy reduced in around 3.8% in 2015 and 3.6% in 2016. The crisis also brought a high level of unemployment, which reached its peak in March 2017, with a rate of 13.7%, representing more than 14 million Brazilians unemployed.[42]

In 2016, the effects of the economic crisis were widely felt by the population, who needed to adapt their bills to the financial reality. According to a research made by the Industry National Confederation (CNI) in that year, almost half of the interviewed (48%) began to use more public transportation and 34% don't have a health insurance anymore.[43] The deepening of the crisis made 14% of the families to change their children's schools, from private to public, with a percentage higher than the one verified in 2012 and 2013, before the crisis. Besides that, consumers change products to the cheaper ones (78%), waited for sales to buy higher value goods (80%) and saved more money for emergencies (78%).[44]

In the first quarter of 2017, GDP rose 1%, being the first growth after 8 consecutive quarter drops.[45] Minister of Finance Henrique Meirelles said that, in that moment, the country "left the largest recession of the century".[46]

Protests in the Ministries Terrace of groups in favor and against the Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff.

Yet in 2014 also began a political crisis. The match of this crisis happened on 17 March 2014, when the Federal Police of Brazil began a series of investigations and would be known as Operation Car Wash, initially investigating a corruption scheme and money laundry of billions of reais involving many politicians of the largest parties of the country.[47] The operation had direct impact in the country politics, contributing for the impopularity of Dilma's administration, just as, posteriorly, for Temer's administration, as long as many of their ministers and allies were targeted of the operation, such as Geddel Vieira Lima and Romero Jucá.[48][49] The operation is still ongoing with 51 operational phases and splits.[50]

The protests against Dilma Rousseff government, due to the results of Operation Car Wash, occurred in many regions of Brazil, having as one of the main goals the impeachment of the president.[51][52] The movement brought together millions of people on 15 March, 12 April, 16 August and 13 December 2015 and, according to some estimates, were the largest popular mobilizations in the country.[53][54] The protest of 13 March 2016 was considered the largest political act in the history of Brazil and occurred over all the country, overcoming also Diretas Já, which occurred during the transition period from the Military Dictatorship to the redemocratization.[55][56]

Rousseff's impeachment

[edit]
Main article: Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
Dilma gives her defence speech during the impeachment session that ended in her removal from office.

On 2 December 2015, president of Chamber of Deputies, Eduardo Cunha, accepted one of the seven impeachment requests against Dilma, which was registered by jurists Hélio Bicudo, Miguel Reale Júnior and Janaína Paschoal, and delivered to Cunha 2 months before.[57] In the original request, were included denounces of decrees signed by the president in 2015, to release R$ 2.5 billions (US$ 0.75 billion), without Congress approval, nor prevision on budget.[58] This operation is known as fiscal pedaling (Pedalada fiscal), and it's characterized as administrative misconduct.[59]

The acceptance of the impeachment request was considered by part of the press as a retaliation against the president's party, which deputies announced on that same day that they would vote against Cunha in the Chamber's Ethics Committee, where he was investigated for a supposed participation in the scheme denounced in Operation Car Wash. Cunha denied any "bargain" relation with the government, stating that "the decision to accept the impeachment is factual, is concrete, has clear tipification",[60] but kept attributing to president Rousseff responsibilities about the investigations against him.[61] According to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dilma didn't have "the will of doing politics" and didn't have any meeting with party caucuses to try to repeal the impeachment.[62]

Result of the voting of the acceptance of the impeachment process in the Chamber of Deputies, which took the process to the Federal Senate.

Due to the parliamentary recess and the sues filed in the Supreme Federal Court with the objective to decide formally the rite of the process only on 17 March 2016, the Chamber elected, with open voting, the 65 members of the Special Committee which analyzed the impeachment request against Dilma Rousseff. There were 433 votes in favor of the committee membership and 1 against.[63] On 11 April, the Special Committee, with 38 votes in favor and 27 against, approved the report, which defended the admissibility of the process.[64] The report, made by deputy Jovair Arantes (PTB-GO), went for voting in the floor of the Chamber.[65] On 17 April 2016, a Sunday, the Chamber of Deputies, with 367 votes in favor, 137 against, besides 7 abstentions and 2 absences, impeached Rousseff and authorized the Federal Senate to install the process against the president.[66]

On 6 May 2016, the Senate Impeachment Special Committee approved, with 15 votes in favor and 5 against, the report of senator Antônio Anastasia (PSDB-MG), in favor of the impeachment.[67] On 11 May, Justice Teori Zavascki denied a government request to null the process. With the decision, the Senate kept the voting that would decide the suspension of Rousseff from office.[68][69]

On 12 May 2016, with 55 favorable votes, 22 contrary and 2 absences, the Federal Senate authorized the opening of the impeachment process, and determined her suspension from the Presidency of the Republic for up to 180 days.[70] On 31 August, the Federal Senate, with a voting of 61 to 20, removed Rousseff from office of President, but kept her political rights.[71] With the impeachment, Michel Temer, who was Vice President of Brazil and Acting President until that moment, took office as president until the end of the term.[72]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Same party as the presidential candidate, unless mentioned in parentheses

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "TSE aprova calendário e divulga datas das eleições de 2014". Terra. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  2. ^ "Brazil Fell Into Recession in First Half of Year, as Investments Dropped". The New York Times. Reuters. 2014-08-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  3. ^ "Gestão Pública: Dilma Rousseff". ISTOÉ Independente (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2013-11-29. Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  4. ^ "Roadmap to Brazil's presidency: win in Minas Gerais". The Brazilian Report. 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  5. ^ "Blame It On Aécio". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  6. ^ "Campos-Silva ticket confirmed in Brazil 2014 election". BBC News. 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  7. ^ "Eleições 2014 – Resultados das Eleições 2014 para Presidente". Archived from the original on 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  8. ^ "Dilma Rousseff re-elected Brazilian president". BBC Online. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  9. ^ "Aliados de Serra lançam Alckmin como contraponto a senador - Política". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  10. ^ "Neves picks Aloysio Nunes as vice-presidential running mate". country.eiu.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  11. ^ "Presidenciável Eduardo Campos morre em acidente aéreo em Santos (SP) - 13/08/2014 - Poder - Folha de S.Paulo". Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  12. ^ "Brazil: Marina Silva 'to replace' late candidate Campos". BBC News. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  13. ^ ""Se eu não for candidato, quero ser vice de Aécio", diz Jair Bolsonaro". InfoMoney (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  14. ^ "Cinco nomes surgem como possíveis candidatos a vice na chapa de Aécio". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  15. ^ "PELA UNIDADE, PSDB CONFIRMA SENADOR ALOYSIO NUNES COMO VICE NA CHAPA DE AÉCIO NEVES – 20 anos de jornalismo combatente – Vide Versus" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  16. ^ "Mara Gabrilli não descarta ser vice de Aécio em outubro". Diário do Poder (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  17. ^ "Burburinhos em jantar apontam Mara Gabrilli vice de Aécio Neves – Glamurama". Burburinhos em jantar apontam Mara Gabrilli vice de Aécio Neves – Glamurama (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-04-01. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  18. ^ "Pré-candidato, Aécio diz que ter FHC como vice seria 'uma honra' - 18/03/2014 - Poder - Folha de S.Paulo". m.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  19. ^ www.ceicom.com.br, Ceicom®. "Aécio: Ellen Gracie é um dos nomes cotados para vice - Jornal de Beltrão". www.jornaldebeltrao.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  20. ^ Patury, Felipe (4 October 2014). "Joaquim Barbosa was invited to run for Aécio". Globo. Archived from the original on 2014-10-05.
  21. ^ "The Petrobras affair". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
  22. ^ "Eleição mais disputada da redemocratização chega ao fim" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  23. ^ Macedo, Danilo (1 January 2015). "Dilma Rousseff toma posse do segundo mandato na Presidência da República" (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  24. ^ "Líderes internacionais saúdam Dilma pela reeleição; veja repercussão" (in Portuguese). G1. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  25. ^ Rossi, Marina (26 October 2014). "Lideranças mundiais felicitam Dilma" (in Portuguese). El País. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  26. ^ "Evo Morales destaca triunfo de Dilma e continuidade "do modelo de mudança"" (in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b "Líderes na América Latina saúdam reeleição de Dilma" (in Portuguese). Terra. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  28. ^ "Governo da França parabeniza Dilma por sua reeleição" (in Portuguese). G1. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  29. ^ "Merkel parabeniza Dilma e fala em reforço dos laços" (in Portuguese). G1. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  30. ^ "Putin felicita Dilma por reeleição" (in Portuguese). G1. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  31. ^ "Obama felicita Dilma por sua reeleição" (in Portuguese). G1. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  32. ^ "Presidente da Venezuela parabeniza Dilma por vitória nas eleições" (in Portuguese). R7. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  33. ^ Romero, Simon (26 October 2014). "Brazil Stays With Rousseff as President After Turbulent Campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  34. ^ "Imprensa mundial destaca reeleição e resultado apertado; confira reações" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  35. ^ "Veja a repercussão da reeleição de Dilma nos jornais internacionais" (in Portuguese). Uol. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  36. ^ "Jornais estrangeiros destacam desafio de Dilma de unir o Brasil" (in Portuguese). G1. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  37. ^ Bazzo, Gabriela (27 October 2014). "Imprensa internacional destaca vitória apertada de Dilma Rousseff no 2º turno e campanhas marcadas por ataques e acusações" (in Portuguese). Huffpost Brasil. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  38. ^ Arias, Juan (26 October 2014). "A mudança política no Brasil terá de esperar" (in Portuguese). El País. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  39. ^ Costa, Daiane; Corrêa, Marcello; Gonçalves, Kátia (7 March 2017). "Economia encolhe 3,6% em 2016, e país tem pior recessão da História" (in Portuguese). O Globo. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  40. ^ Máximo, Wellton (28 December 2014). "Crise econômica em 2014 concentra-se em empresas do setor financeiro" (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  41. ^ Castro, José Roberto (17 September 2017). "QUanto a população brasileira já perdeu com a crise econômica" (in Portuguese). Nexo Jornal. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  42. ^ "'Luxos' que os brasileiros deixaram de lado com a crise" (in Portuguese). Estadão. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  43. ^ Oliveira, Eliane (25 August 2016). "Recessão gera mudanças de hábitos de consumo na população" (in Portuguese). O Globo. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  44. ^ "Com crise, brasileiros estão usando mais serviços públicos, diz CNI" (in Portuguese). G1. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  45. ^ Laporta, Taís; Silveira, Daniel (1 June 2017). "PIB do Brasil cresce 1% no 1º trimestre de 2017, após 8 quedas seguidas" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  46. ^ Amorim, Daniela; Nunes, Fernanda; Neder, Vinicius (1 June 2017). "PIB sobre 1% no 1º trimestre de 2017, após 8 quedas consecutivas" (in Portuguese). Estadão. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  47. ^ "Caso Lava Jato - Entenda o caso" (in Portuguese). Ministério Público Federal. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  48. ^ Lourenço, Iolando; Esposito, Ivan Richard (23 December 2016). "Lava Jato, crise política, impeachment e disputa entre Poderes marcaram 2016" (in Portuguese). Agência Brasileira. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  49. ^ Loyola, Leandro (26 December 2016). "Retrospectiva 2016: O ano em que a Lava Jato mandou na política" (in Portuguese). Época. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  50. ^ "PF ataca corrupção na Transpetro na Operação Sothis, 47ª fase da Lava Jato" (in Portuguese). Isto É. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  51. ^ "Confira o panorama das manifestações de 15 de março no Brasil" (in Portuguese). Portal EBC. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  52. ^ "Protestos testam força do movimento anti-Dilma" (in Portuguese). Deutsche Welle. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  53. ^ Coronato, Marcos; Vergotti, Marco (15 March 2015). "Manifestação anti-Dilma entra para a história" (in Portuguese). Época. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  54. ^ "Paulista reúne maior ato política desde as Diretas-Já, diz Datafolha" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  55. ^ "Protesto na av. Paulista é o maior ato político já registrado em São Paulo" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 13 March 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  56. ^ "Brasil tem maior manifestação contra Dilma" (in Portuguese). Uol. 13 March 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  57. ^ Passarinho, Nathalia (2 December 2015). "Eduardo Cunha autoriza abrir processo de impeachment de Dilma" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  58. ^ Uribe, Gustavo; Bragon, Ranier (2 December 2015). "Eduardo Cunha acata pedido de impeachment contra Dilma Rousseff" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  59. ^ Passarinho, Nathalia; Calgaro, Fernanda (3 December 2015). "Cunha lê decisão de abrir processo de impeachment e cria comissão" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  60. ^ Amorim, Felipe (3 December 2015). "Dilma mentiu ao negar tentativa de barganha, diz Cunha; ministro rebate" (in Portuguese). Uol. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  61. ^ "Cunah quer apressar processo de impeachment para sair de cena, diz Wagner" (in Portuguese). GaúchaZH. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  62. ^ Barbosa, Bernardo (14 March 2018). "Em livro, Lula diz que Dilma ficou triste em reeleição e ironiza Ciro Gomes" (in Portuguese). Uol. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  63. ^ Passarinho, Nathalia; Calgaro, Fernanda (17 March 2016). "Câmara elege membros de comissão que analisará impeachment de Dilma" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  64. ^ Calgaro, Fernanda; Garcia, Gustavo; Passarinho, Nathalia (11 April 2016). "Comissão da Câmara aprova processo de impeachment de Dilma" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  65. ^ "Os principais pontos do parecer do relator Jovair Arantes, favorável ao impeachment" (in Portuguese). GaúchaZH. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  66. ^ "Câmara autoriza instauração de processo de impeachment de Dilma com 367 votos a favor e 137 contra" (in Portuguese). Câmara dos Deputados. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  67. ^ Garcia, Gustavo; Calgaro, Fernanda (6 May 2016). "Comissão aprova relatório favorável ao prosseguimento do impeachment" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  68. ^ Ramalho, Renan; Oliveira, Mariana; Rodrigues, Mateus (11 May 2016). "Teori Zavascki nega pedido do governo para anular impeachment" (in Portuguese). G1. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  69. ^ Marchesan, Ricardo (11 May 2016). "Teori nega recurso do governo para anular impeachment" (in Portuguese). Uol. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  70. ^ "Processo de impeachment é aberto, e Dilma é afastada por até 180 dias" (in Portuguese). G1. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  71. ^ "Senado aprova impeachment de Dilma Rousseff; Temer assume" (in Portuguese). G1. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  72. ^ Amorim, Felipe; Prazeres, Leandro; Marchesan, Ricardo (31 August 2016). "Temer assume a Presidência da República e fala em "colocar país nos trilhos"" (in Portuguese). Uol. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
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