Inocybe praetervisa
| Inocybe praetervisa | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
| |
| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Грибы |
| Разделение: | Basidiomycota |
| Сорт: | Агарикомицеты |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Inocybaceae |
| Genus: | Inocybe |
| Species: | I. praetervisa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Inocybe praetervisa Quél. (1883)
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| Synonyms | |
Inocybe praetervisa | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is campanulate |
 | Hymenium is adnexed |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is brown |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is not recommended or poisonous |
Inocybe Praetervisa - это маленький, желтый и коричневый гриб в семейной Inocybaceae , отличается от других членов рода своими необычными спорами и лампочкой. Необычные споры привели к тому, что виды называют типовым видом ныне заброшенного рода Astrosporina ; Недавние исследования показали, что такой род не может существовать, поскольку виды с определяющими признаками не образуют монофилетическую группу. Тем не менее, это является частью нескольких клад в рамках рода Inocybe . I. Praetervisa растет на земле в лесу, в пользу бука и встречается в Европе, Северной Америке и Азии. Он несъедобен и, вероятно, ядовит из -за присутствия мускарина . Приглашение мускарина может привести к синдрому ила и потенциально может привести к смерти из -за дыхательной недостаточности .
Таксономия и именование
[ редактировать ]Inocybe Praetervisa был впервые описан Лейкеном Квелетом первом томе Giacomo Bresadola 1883 года в . [ 1 ] Этот вид был перенесен на род Astrosporina Джозефом Шретера в 1889 году, [ 2 ] Но это было отвергнуто, и имя Astrosporina Praetervisa теперь считается облигатным синонимом . [ 3 ] Astrosporina praetervisa was the type species of the no longer recognised genus.[4] The specific epithet praetervisa comes from the Latin word meaning "overlooked".[5]
Within the genus Inocybe, I. praetervisa has been placed in the subgenus Inocybe. Mycologist Rolf Singer places the species in the section Marginatae; mycologist Thom Kuyper considers Marginatae a supersection, and includes I. praetervisa along with I. abietis, I. calospora and I. godeyi. Phylogenetics has shown that, in addition to the large clade of subgenus Inocybe, I. praetervisa forms a clade with I. calospora, I. lanuginosa and I. leptophylla. The species are similar in that all four have basidiospores with small nodules; it was this feature that defined the genus Astrosporina, with then A. praetervisa as its type species. However, when phylogenetic analysis later concluded that nodulose-spored Inocybe species do not form a monophyletic group, the name Astrosporina was deemed inappropriate at a generic level. But it may be considered useful at a lower level to refer to the clade of the four Inocybe species. Of those four, I. praetervisa is most closely related to I. calospora, with which it forms a smaller and closer clade.[6] A different study also found the close relationship between I. praetervisa and I. calospora; it also named I. teraturgus as a part of the clade containing I. praetervisa, I. calospora, I. lanuginosa and I. leptophylla.[7]
Description
[edit]Inocybe praetervisa has a bell-shaped (later expanding) cap of 3 to 5 centimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in) in diameter, which is a yellowish-brown colour. It is fibrous, and splits from the margin (which curves inwards[8]) to the centre. The stem is from 5 to 6 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in) in height, and from 3 to 8 millimetres (0.12 to 0.31 in) thick. It is white, maturing to a pale straw-yellow, and the whole stem is farinaceous, meaning it is covered in particles resembling meal.[9] The stem has a distinct bulb at the base, which is moderately marginate,[8][9] and lacks a ring.[10] The flesh is white, and discolours to yellowish in the stem. The gills are initially whitish, but later become a clay-brown with toothed, white edges.[8][9] They are adnexed, meaning they connect to the stem by only part of their depth, and are crowded closely together.[8]
Microscopic features
[edit]Inocybe praetervisa leaves a clay-brown spore print, while the spores themselves are rectangular with a large number of "distinct, angular knobs".[9] In size, the spores measure between 10 and 12 micrometres (0.00039 and 0.00047 in) in length by between 7 and 9 micrometres (0.00028 and 0.00035 in) in width. Inocybe praetervisa has both pleuro- and cheilocystidia which are relatively spindle-shaped with apical encrustation. The cystidia have hyaline or pale yellow walls.[9]
Similar species
[edit]The species can be differentiated from the similar I. cookei by its "irregular, lumpy spores".[11] It is also similar to I. rimosa, but differs in the presence of a bulb.[8] Another species that can be differentiated by the lack of a bulb is I. numerosigibba.[12]
Habitat and distribution
[edit]Inocybe praetervisa is an ectomycorrhizal species,[13] and is found on the ground in mixed, deciduous or even coniferous woodland. It typically favours beech.[8][9][14] Mushrooms grow solitarily or in "trooping groups"[10] in late summer and throughout autumn, though it is not commonly encountered species.[9] It is found in Europe, Asia and North America.[15]
Edibility and toxicity
[edit]The species has a mild, indistinct taste, and a faint smell of flour.[9][10] Mycologist Roger Phillips describes its edibility as "suspect", recommending that it be avoided,[9] and notes that it is possible that the species is poisonous; most species of Inocybe have been shown to contain poisonous chemicals.[14] Mycologist Ian Robert Hall lists the mushroom as containing the poisonous compound muscarine. Consumption of muscarine could lead to a number of physiological effects, including: excess salivation, lacrimation, uncontrollable urination and defecation, gastrointestinal problems and emesis (vomiting); this array of symptoms is also known by the acronym SLUDGE.[16] Other potential effects include a drop in blood pressure, sweating and death due to respiratory failure.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Bresadola, Giacomo. (1883). "Fungi tridentini". Fungi Tridentini (in Latin). 1 (3): 27–42.
- ^ Schröter, Joseph. (1885). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien (in German). Vol. 3–1(1). p. 576.
- ^ "Inocybe praetervisa". MycoBank. The International Mycological Association. Accessed 13 October 2010.
- ^ "Astrosporina". MycoBank. The International Mycological Association. Accessed 23 October 2010.
- ^ Rea, Carleton (1968). British Basidiomycetae: a handbook to the larger British Fungi. Cambridge University Press. p. 209.
- ^ Matheny, P. Brandon; Liu, Yajuan J.; Ammirati, Joseph F.; Hall, Benjamin D. (2002). "Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales)". American Journal of Botany. 89 (4). Botanical Society of America: 688–98. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.4.688. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665669.
- ^ Kropp, Bradley R.; Matheny, P. Brandon (2004). "Basidiospore homoplasy and variation in the Inocybe chelanensis group in North America" (PDF). Mycologia. 96 (2). Mycological Society of America: 295–309. doi:10.2307/3762065. JSTOR 3762065. PMID 21148856.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sterry, Paul; Hughes, Barry (2009). Complete Guide to British Mushrooms & Toadstools. HarperCollins. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-00-723224-6.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Phillips, Roger (1981). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: Pan Books. p. 153. ISBN 0-330-26441-9.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Jordan, Michael (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. David & Charles. p. 294. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2.
- ^ Kibby, Geoffrey (2003). Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Northern Europe. Hamlyn. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7537-1865-0.
- ^ Kobayashi, Takahito (2002). The taxonomic studies of the genus Inocybe. J. Cramer. p. 63. ISBN 978-3-443-51046-6.
- ^ Cline, et; Ammirati, Je; Эдмондс, Р.Л. (2005). «Влияет ли близость к зрелым деревьям в эктомикоризных грибных сообществах Дуглас-Фирседа?». Новый фитолог . 166 (3). Blackwell Publishing : 993–1009. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01387.x . ISSN 0028-646X . PMID 15869658 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Филлипс, Роджер. « Inocybe praetervisa Archived 2010-12-31 в The Wayback Machine » Rogersmushrooms.com. Доступ 13 октября 2010 года.
- ^ ; Zhishu , BI 978-962-201-556-2 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Холл, Ян Роберт; Бьюкенен, Питер К.; Стивенсон, Стивен Л.; Юн, Ван; Коул, Энтони Л.Дж. (2003). Съедобные и ядовитые грибы мира . Пресса Тревогита . С. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-88192-586-9 .