Vicarious trauma after viewing media
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Over the last fifty years, there has been an increase in the different types of media that are accessible to the public.[1] Most people use online search engines, social media, or other online news outlets to find out what is going on in the world.[2] This increase can lead to people easily viewing negative images and stories about traumatic events that they would not have been exposed to otherwise. One thing to consider is how the dissemination of this information may be impacting the mental health of people who identify with the victims of the violence they hear and see through the media. The viewing of these traumatic videos and stories can lead to the vicarious traumatization of the viewers.[3][4][5]
Vicarious trauma develops after an individual learns or hears about someone else experiencing a traumatic event. The information they hear may have a negative psychological impact on the person even though they did not experience the trauma themselves.[6] Research on vicarious trauma has focused on how mental health providers, medical workers, and first responders respond to the trauma they hear about in their everyday work experiences.[6][7] While the person does not directly experience the trauma, they have symptoms like an individual diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.[6] Some of those symptoms include hypervigilance, difficulties sleeping, changes in how they view the world and themselves, and intrusive images of the trauma.[7]
Media
[edit]As research on vicarious trauma has expanded, researchers and journalists have begun to analyze how it might impact the general public. One of the ways information about traumatic events is dispersed is through the media, which includes news broadcasts and social media applications. The New York Times commented on how even though traumatic events have happened since the dawn of time, the news, and more recently social media, is what allows people across the world to know about major events.[8][9] The difference between major news organizations and social media is that most news organizations discuss how viewing traumatic or violent events impact their staff and consumers.[10] Some media organizations also make a point to flag content that could be considered disturbing to their viewers to decrease the amount of violent and traumatic content they release online.[10] While major news outlets often regulate what they post, they still show the aftermath of traumatic events on their websites and in their newspapers. Examples include pictures of the twin towers after 9/11, the Boston bombing, the Rodney King video, and footage of the L.A. riots.
Social media
[edit]While major media companies were the main source people received information about major events, people have also begun turning to social media to stay updated. Since the information is posted by private individuals, they are allowed to post unedited footage that may contain graphic and traumatic material to their social media platforms.[10] There is also the risk of having distressing content appear on someone's page as an advertisement while they are browsing material that does not relate to the traumatic event,[8] which can make it difficult to avoid since smartphones are constantly updating news around major events that happen in society.[11]
Outcomes
[edit]Impact on mood
[edit]Due to the increase of online social interactions, researchers have questioned the impact of indirect online contact on the emotions and thoughts of online users. While past studies have found that emotions can spread between people during direct social contact due to concepts like mimicry,[12] researchers were unsure on if the same could happen through indirect contact made over social media. Coviello et al. (2014), found that people's posts on social media influenced the emotions and behaviors of other people who were their friends or who followed their online account.[12] They also found that people tended to use language similar to the initial post they saw when responding or further commenting on their own posts to which causes them to further spread the same emotionally valent message to others.[13][4] This research expanded on the knowledge that people's emotions were only influenced by nonverbal communication like the facial expressions and body language of the people around them to now also being influenced by text-only communication.[12][13]
Influence on trauma reactions
[edit]As discussed in the section above, emotional contagion can happen through different forms of indirect contact with media. Over the last decade, researchers have found data to support the idea that some people are vicariously traumatized when viewing or reading media pertaining to a traumatic event.[3][4][11][14] Studies have questioned if media leads to a greater impact on the development of some symptoms of vicarious trauma and if a specific type of media had was greater impact than others. Holman et al. (2013) found that people who watched six or more hours of media coverage up to a week after the Boston bombings had higher stress levels than people who were directly exposed to the bombing.[3] Goodwin et al. (2013) found that the participants in their study showed greater stress reactions when they took in information about the trauma from social when compared to those who used more traditional forms of media.[15]
Researchers have shown that social media is a major risk factor for a person to develop trauma symptoms,[15][16] or even be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.[5] The frequency of exposure to traumatic or disturbing information through media is related to the development of anxiety and P.T.S.D.-related symptoms.[17] While the initial reaction to viewing media may cause acute stress symptoms, generally they decrease over time. Repeated exposure to the distressing information or images that may result in the development of longer-lasting symptoms.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ Sullender, R. Scott (June 5, 2009). "Vicarious Grieving and the Media". Pastoral Psychology. 59 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1007/s11089-009-0227-5. ISSN 0031-2789. S2CID 145410045.
- ^ Nielsen, Alessio Cornia, Annika Sehl, David A.L. Levy and Rasmus Kleis (2018). Private Sector News, Social Media Distribution, and Algorithm Change. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. ISBN 978-1-907384-49-3. OCLC 1275066280.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b c Holman, E. Alison; Garfin, Dana Rose; Silver, Roxane Cohen (December 9, 2013). "Media's role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (1): 93–98. doi:10.1073/pnas.1316265110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3890785. PMID 24324161.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Monfort, Emmanuel; Afzali, Mohammad Hassan (May 2017). "Traumatic stress symptoms after the November 13th 2015 Terrorist Attacks among Young Adults: The relation to media and emotion regulation". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 75: 68–74. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.02.015. PMID 28324678.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ramsden, Pam (2015). "Viewing violent news on social media can cause trauma". Science Daily. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Jenkins, Sharon Rae; Baird, Stephanie (October 2002). "Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 15 (5): 423–432. doi:10.1023/a:1020193526843. ISSN 0894-9867. PMID 12392231. S2CID 41100817.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hallinan, Sean; Shiyko, Mariya; Volpe, Robert; Molnar, Beth E. (September 2021). "On the back burner: Challenges experienced by change agents addressing vicarious trauma in first response and victim service agencies". Traumatology. 27 (3): 316–325. doi:10.1037/trm0000291. ISSN 1085-9373. S2CID 229399133.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wayne, Teddy (September 10, 2016). "The Trauma of Violent News on the Internet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ^ Ben-Zur, Hasida; Gil, Sharon; Shamshins, Yinon (May 2012). "The relationship between exposure to terror through the media, coping strategies and resources, and distress and secondary traumatization". International Journal of Stress Management. 19 (2): 132–150. doi:10.1037/a0027864. ISSN 1573-3424.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Can social media cause PTSD?". BBC News. May 25, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Goodwin, Robin; Lemola, Sakari; Ben-Ezra, Menachem (March 2018). "Media use and insomnia after terror attacks in France". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 98: 47–50. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.12.006. ISSN 0022-3956. PMID 29276963.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Coviello, Lorenzo; Sohn, Yunkyu; Kramer, Adam D. I.; Marlow, Cameron; Franceschetti, Massimo; Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H. (March 12, 2014). "Detecting Emotional Contagion in Massive Social Networks". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90315. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990315C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090315. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3951248. PMID 24621792.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kramer, Adam D.I. (May 5, 2012). "The spread of emotion via facebook". Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 767–770. doi:10.1145/2207676.2207787. ISBN 9781450310154. S2CID 15763898.
- ^ Pfefferbaum, Betty; Nitiéma, Pascal; Newman, Elana (March 26, 2019). "Is Viewing Mass Trauma Television Coverage Associated With Trauma Reactions in Adults and Youth? A Meta‐Analytic Review". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 32 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1002/jts.22391. ISSN 0894-9867. PMID 30913350. S2CID 85528574.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Goodwin, Robin; Palgi, Yuval; Hamama-Raz, Yaira; Ben-Ezra, Menachem (August 2013). "In the eye of the storm or the bullseye of the media: Social media use during Hurricane Sandy as a predictor of post-traumatic stress". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 47 (8): 1099–1100. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.006. ISSN 0022-3956. PMID 23673141.
- ^ Goodwin, Robin; Palgi, Yuval; Lavenda, Osnat; Hamama-Raz, Yaira; Ben-Ezra, Menachem (May 23, 2015). "Association between Media Use, Acute Stress Disorder and Psychological Distress". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 84 (4): 253–254. doi:10.1159/000377706. ISSN 0033-3190. PMID 26022976. S2CID 28423082.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Feinstein, Anthony; Audet, Blair; Waknine, Elizabeth (August 1, 2014). "Witnessing images of extreme violence: a psychological study of journalists in the newsroom". JRSM Open. 5 (8): 205427041453332. doi:10.1177/2054270414533323. ISSN 2054-2704. PMC 4100239. PMID 25289144.