Изидор Боровски

Izydor Borrowski ( C. 1770 - 24 июня 1838 года; Персидский : ایزیدر بروسکی , романизированный : Ayzydr Brvsky ), также написанный Исиди Борроуски , был генералом в Каджарском Иране польского романизированный : происхождения. Он отмечен своей инструментальной ролью в модернизации армии.

Ранний период жизни

Боровский родился в Уилно (современный Вильний , Литва ) в польском литхюанском Содружестве , в то время тень своего прежнего я. ^{[ 1 ]}^{[ 2 ]} Согласно еврейской энциклопедии , Боровский дал различные отчеты о своем происхождении, заявив, что быть незаконным сыном принца Радзивилла и еврейской женщины, или сына еврейской матери и польского дворянина. ^{[ 3 ]} Существует вероятность того, что его брат был литературным историком Леоном Боровски (1784-1846). ^{[ 1 ]} Источники на его ранней жизни непоследовательны. Согласно Encyclopædia Iranica , ему пришлось бежать в Англию либо «предположительно» во время третьего перегородка Польши (1795), либо отправился из Польши в 1793 году, ^{[ 1 ]} что, однако, несовместимо с Alma Mater , академической публикацией, созданной Ягеллонским университетом , в котором говорится, что он участвовал в восстании Кохчиузко в 1794 году, впоследствии возвращаясь домой. ^{[ 4 ]}

Военная карьера

Согласно Encyclopædia Iranica, после прибытия в Англию он позже служил за границу в Южной Африке и Британской Индии. ^{[ 4 ]} According to Alma Mater, which does not contain any reference to his travels to England, Africa or India, in 1797 he joined the Polish Legions in Italy, and was part of the Polish contingent sent to quell the Haitian Revolution in 1802. Like many Poles who disliked quelling an independence movement, he then deserted the French side, and he himself joined the buccaneer organization Brethren of the Coast. Around 1805–1806 he joined a group of mercenaries freedom fighters recruited by Francisco de Miranda in a failed attempt to liberate Venezuela from Spanish rule. Around 1810 he became one of the trusted lieutenants and later an adjutant of Simón Bolívar. He was one of Bolivar's commanders during the campaign to liberate New Granada of 1819–1820, distinguishing himself in the Crossing of the Andes and the Battle of Boyacá, and in 1821, at the Battle of Carabobo. Following the establishment of Gran Colombia, he lived in Bogotá for at least two years, but political intrigues resulted in his decision to leave South America. He visited the United States and then traveled to the Middle East, where he worked for Muhammad Ali of Egypt and taught mathematics and English.^[4]^[3]

Encyclopædia Iranica states that at an unspecified time he moved to Iran on the request of then-crown prince Abbas Mirza, and entered Iranian service.^[1] According to Alma Mater he advocated Iranian intervention in the November Uprising (1830-1831).^[4] He quickly became on good terms with both the incumbent king Fath Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797-1834), as well as the crown prince himself.^[1] He successfully climbed the ranks and played a pivotal role in the modernization of the Iranian army.^[1] Later on, he was promoted to the rank of general.^[1] According to Alma Mater he received positions, titles or functions of a Vizier and Emir.^[4]

Borowski was then assigned to Abbas Mirza's son, Mohammad Mirza (later known by his regal name of Mohammad Shah Qajar), who was the commander-in-chief of the Iranian forces besieging Herat in 1833. Upon Abbas Mirza's death in late 1833, and that of his father Fath Ali Shah a year after, Borowski remained loyal to Mohammad Mirza, and joined him in the ensuing war of succession. Some time after, Borowski, Qahreman Mirza (another son of Abbas Mirza) and Masoud Mirza managed to defeat the Uzbek incursions as well as the rebelling Turkmens, both in Khorasan.^[1]

Death and legacy

Borowski then served in the second siege of Herat (1837/38).^[5]^[1] According to Alma Mater, he was the commander-in-chief of the Iranian forces.^[4] Since the Iranian commanders were quarrelling among themselves and the Iranian army had low morale, Borowski took the lead in the field himself.^[4] This siege would be his last, for he was mortally wounded by a bullet to the abdomen, while personally leading an assault on the enemy fortifications.^[4] He died not long afterwards.^[5]

He was buried in the Armenian cemetery in New Julfa (the Armenian quarter of Isfahan). The French inscription on his grave gives 24 June 1838 as his date of death.^[4] After his death, a friend of Borowski in the Iranian army, an Italian named Barthelemy Semino, married his widow (an Armenian woman from New Julfa), and he reportedly took care of his children as well.^[1] According to the sources, Borowski is said to have made a "considerable" amount of wealth in the years he served in Iran.^[1] However, most of it apparently had gone missing around the time his testament was to be invoked, that testament being in the possession of Aleksander Chodźko, a "compatriot" of Borowski and Russian consul in Rasht.^[1]

According to Encyclopædia Iranica, Borowski was survived by his two sons. The first one, Stanislaw, would become a teacher at the Dar ul-Fonun school. He died in Tehran in 1898. Borowski's second son would enter the service of the Iranian government as well, but he committed suicide not long after.^[1] Alma Mater, however, mentions only Antoni Radziwiłł-Borowski, who also became a general in the Iranian service, and took part in Siege of Herat (1856).^[4]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Utas 2002.
^ Suziedelis 2011, p. xxv.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Rosenthal & Wiernik 1906.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Fedirko, J. (2007). "TRAGICZNY BOHATER WYPRAWY HERACKIEJ: Generał Izydor Borowski" (PDF). Alma Mater (in Polish). 94: 121–125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Cronin 2013 , с.

Источники

Кронин, Стефани, изд. (2013). Армии и государственное здание на современном Ближнем Востоке: политика, национализм и военная реформа . Ibtauris. ISBN 978-1780767406 .
Розенталь, Герман; Wiernik, Peter (1906). «Боровский, Исидор» . Еврейская энциклопедия . Получено 18 марта 2017 года .
Suziedelis, Saulius A. (2011). Исторический словарь Литвы (2 изд.). Пресс чучела. ISBN 978-0810875364 .
Вокруг, Бо (2002). «Боровский, средний» . В Яршатере, Эсан (ред.). Иранка, онлайн -издание Энциклопдийский фонд.

[FOOTNOTEUtas2002-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Utas 2002.

[FOOTNOTESuziedelis2011xxv-2] Suziedelis 2011, p. xxv.

[FOOTNOTERosenthalWiernik1906-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Rosenthal & Wiernik 1906.

[:0-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Fedirko, J. (2007). "TRAGICZNY BOHATER WYPRAWY HERACKIEJ: Generał Izydor Borowski" (PDF). Alma Mater (in Polish). 94: 121–125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2017-03-16.

[FOOTNOTECronin201352-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Cronin 2013 , с.

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

[ 3 ]

[ 4 ]

[5]