Готический арх сарай
Готический сарай на крыше или готический сарай или готический сарай или радужная арка [ 1 ] это сарай , профиль которого находится в форме огивалов готической арки . Они стали экономически осуществимыми, когда члены ARCH могут быть сформированы в процессе ламинирования. Отличительная линия крыши имеет центральный пик, как на вершиной крыше , но с симметричными изогнутыми стропилами вместо прямых. Крыша может простираться до земли, делая крышу и стены полной аркой или построена как арочная крыша на вершине традиционных стен.
История
[ редактировать ]Барны с деревянной рамкой , используемые в течение многих сотен лет, требовали больших древесины в качестве столбов и балок , а также стропил и деревянные фермы на крыше , которые потребляли внутреннее пространство в конструкции. Кроме того, в Соединенных Штатах, когда поселение перемещалось на запад в районы без больших деревьев лиственных пород, такой материал стал очень дорогим. [ 2 ]
Готическая арка возникла в Мичигане в конце 19-го века; [ 3 ] Первое явление, возможно, было в округе Изабелла в 1885 году. [ 4 ] Арки были вырезаны из досок, пригволенных. Эти ранние арки не были достаточно крепкими, но позволяли соотношениям, свободным от тяжелых лесов. Совершенные методы кадрирования для ферм, изготовленных из размерных пиломатериалов, привели к крыше Gambrel , которая была сильной и свободной от тяжелых пиломатериалов. Ферма Shawver - в 1904 году и изобретенную Джоном Л. Шоувером из Bellefontaine, штат Огайо , - изготовленные из ламинированных прямых досок , стала популярной техникой для формирования крыш гэмбреля. Эта конструкция потребовала диагональных скоб с крыши до пола, предотвращая беспрепятственное использование как лофта, так и сарая. [2]
Improvements in construction methods in the early 1900s resulted in an improved Gothic-arch truss made of longer lengths of boards bent into the curved shape. The ability to create curved laminated rafters meant that the gambrel roof evolved into the more modern Gothic-arch barn. The arch allowed for a haymow in the barn spanning the entire width without any roof supports obstructing use.[3][2]
The clear span within the loft was important to minimize operating labor costs in filling the loft with stover (feed stock) for animals by using compressed air to blow the fodder into the loft. Storing loose hay was common before compact bales became an easier way to handle, transport, and store hay. As barns were prominent structures, the attractive contour of the Gothic-arch was desirable and believed to contribute to the value of a farm.[5]
Idaho Farmer magazine predicted in 1916 that the Gothic-arch barn "would become the most prevalent construction type built on successful dairy barns."[6] The barns became popular in the Midwestern United States in the early 1900s, and even more so in the 1910s as advances in the lamination process allowed larger rafters to be fabricated.[4]
Barns of all kinds were available by mail order from around 1905 to the 1940s. The Gothic-arch design was featured on both the front and back cover of The Book of Barns - Honor-Bilt-Already Cut[a] catalog published by Sears Roebuck in 1918. It was the most popular roof design for barns sold by Sears.[7] In 1915, Sears sold a 42-by-60-foot (13 m × 18 m) Gothic-arch barn for $1,500. All materials were pre-cut and finished and shipped by railroad to the customer for local assembly.[2]
The popularity of arch-roofed barns peaked in the 1930s when farms transitioned from animal powered machinery to gasoline-powered tractors and large amounts of hay storage space for fodder was no longer necessary, removing the need for large haylofts. Another factor was that the concurrent availability of hay balers condensed hay by a factor of eight so that the hay that was still required could be stored in much less space. By the 1960s, large round hay bales were covered and stored on the ground, so even dairy farmers that still relied on hay did not need indoor storage space.[8]
Construction
[edit]
Rafters were first constructed by laminating together, by nailing, two or more pieces of 1x8 inch lumber with overlapping end joints and then cutting the desired radius. Before power tools were commonly available, this method was labor-intensive. It also wasted a considerable amount of lumber. The construction method gave way to bending rather than cutting the radius. Bent rafters were formed from 1x3 or 1x4 inch boards. Un-surfaced boards were preferred because rough-sawn boards created more friction when laminated. For barns up to 30 feet (9.1 m) wide, rafters were commonly made from four pieces of 1x3 (actually 3/4 inches thick) random length boards with end joints of at least two feet apart nailed together and also bolted every three feet. Larger barns required stronger rafters, such as five pieces of 1x4.[5]
Later arched rafters were formed without nails or bolts; the multiple layers were glued together with a waterproof casein glue under pressure. Such assemblies approached the strength of solid timbers.[9]
Manufactured glued laminated wooden arches were first seen in the United States in 1934, offered by Unit Structures Inc. of Peshtigo, Wisconsin. Other early manufacturers were Rilco Laminated Products of St. Paul, Minnesota, a subsidiary of Weyerhaeuser Lumber Company; and Super Structures, also in Minnesota. World War II shortages of steel increased interest in structural laminated timber.[10]
Rilco produced Gothic-arches for farm buildings advertised as “factory-fabricated and engineered”, and were sold in lumber yards in standard sizes for 30–40-foot (9.1–12.2 m) wide barns. The arches were shipped in two pieces with pre-drilled holes and assembly hardware.
The Tomlinson Lumber Co sold pre-cut materials for a 34 by 50 feet (10 m × 15 m) dairy barn with a Gothic-arched roof supported by three-ply rafters in 1958 throughout Minnesota.[10]
The first published plans by an architect for a Gothic-arch barn appeared in 1916.[5]
Although the technique was generally outdated at the time, a guide to making a Gothic-arch truss cut from straight 1x8 was published by the USDA Forest Products Lab in 1958.[11]
Kootenai River valley
[edit]A late 1930s government program in northern Idaho relocated destitute farmers that had originally homesteaded on marginally productive land. The Boundary Farms Project, run by the Farm Security Administration's Rural Resettlement Project built 37 100-acre (40 ha) farms in the Kootenai River valley. Each farm typically included of one or two Gothic-arch or Gambrel-roof barns. Today, these barns provide the most historic connection to the Depression-era project. One farm is now located within the Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge and its original Gothic-arch barn, eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, is used in the headquarters complex as a classroom.[12]
Wells Barn
[edit]An 1889 patent by contractor John Talcott Wells of Garbutt, New York for his Wells Truss System described a hybrid structure with the gambrel-roof form on the outside but Gothic-arches on the inside creating a completely unobstructed interior. Over 200 such barns were built in 1886-1942 by Wells and his sons, mostly in Western New York. This design utilized a unique truss with the lower chord Gothic-arch-shaped.[13][14] Two Wells barns are located on the NRHP-listed Isaac Cox Cobblestone Farmstead.[15]
Notable examples
[edit]
- State Soldiers Home Barn (1929) in Hot Springs, South Dakota.[16]
- George Obendorf Gothic Arch Truss Barn (1919) in Canyon County, Idaho
- Beamer Barn (1924), in Gove County, Kansas
- Herman F. Micheel Gothic Arched-Roof Barn (1920), in White, South Dakota
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Falk, Cynthia (May 1, 2012). Barns of New York: Rural Architecture of the Empire State. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6445-4. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Obendorf. George. Gothic Arch Truss Bar NRHP Registration Form". nps.gov. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jiusto, Chere; Brown, Christine W. (2011). Hand Raised: The Barns of Montana. Montana Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-9759196-9-9. Retrieved Apr 1, 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Brooks, Allyson; Jacon, Steph (1994). Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context. Pierre, South Dakota: South Dakota State Historical Society Press. p. 53.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkpatrick, W. (1920). "Gothic Roofs for Barns". Agricultural Engineering. 1 (1): 31–. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^ Fisher, Sharon (2012). Kuna. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-9540-5. Retrieved Apr 1, 2018.
- ^ Leffingwell, Randy. Barns. Voyageur Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-61060-353-9. Retrieved Apr 1, 2018.
- ^ "NRHP Nomination form Beamer Barn" (PDF). kshs.org. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ William D. Test. "Design of the glued, laminated, bent rafter". Iowa State College. Retrieved Apr 1, 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Planning and Building Farm Structures" (PDF). dot.state.mn.us. Minnesota Historic Farms Study. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ Дойл, DV (декабрь 1958 г.). «Сегментарные стропилы для готических зданий фермы» (PDF) . Техническая нота (261). Мэдисон, Висконсин: Лаборатория Департамента сельского хозяйства США . Получено 2 апреля 2018 года .
- ^ «Последствия Закона об усадьбе» (PDF) . fws.gov . Получено 2 апреля 2018 года .
- ^ «История Уэллса» . Wellsbarnhistory.com . Получено 2 апреля 2018 года .
- ^ Гордон, Дейн Р. (2007), Рочестерский технологический институт: промышленное развитие и образовательные инновации в американском городе, 1829-2006 , Rit Cary Graphic Arts Press, с. 251, ISBN 978-1-933360-23-2
- ^ Роберт Т. Энглерт (август 2002 г.). «Национальный реестр исторических мест Регистрация: Исаак Кокс, бубчик, фермерский усадьба» . Управление парков, отдых и исторического сохранения штата Нью -Йорк . Получено 2009-10-01 .
- ^ Крис Б. Нельсон (3 марта 2009 г.). «Национальный реестр исторических мест Регистрация: Майкл Дж. Фитцмаурис Южная Дакота ветераны дома» . Служба национальных парков . Получено 17 марта 2018 года . С двумя фотографиями .