Oemona Hirta
| Лимонный дерево бур | |
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| O. Hirta от Des Helmore | |
| Научная классификация | |
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| Род: | Fabricius , 1775
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| Разновидность: | O. Hirta
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| Биномиальное название | |
| Oemona Hirta Fabricius, 1775
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Oemona Hirta , бурель -лимонный дерево , также известный как свистящий жук или поющий жук, является Лонгхорном Жуком, эндемичным для Новой Зеландии . [ 1 ] Его личинки являются универсальными кормушками, скучными в древесине широкого спектра деревьев, местных и представленных. Когда в Новой Зеландии впервые были установлены цитрусовые сады, этот жук начал наносить серьезный ущерб, и поэтому набрал название «Borer Lemon Tree». [ 2 ] четыре вида в рамках рода Oemona , что позволяет предположить, что можно найти больше видов. Было выявлено [ 3 ] Когда он нарушает хищники или люди, взрослый жук стридулирует, создавая звук «RASP» или «скрип», потирая грудную клетку, и отправляясь вместе в область тонких хребтов. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Маори съел жидкость под названием «Пиа Манука», которая была произведена деревьями манука , когда его дерево было повреждено личинками. [ 6 ] Когда капитан Кук впервые прибыл в Новую Зеландию, его натуралисты, Бэнкс и Соландер собрали бор лимонного дерева в своей первой коллекции между 1769 и 1771 годами. [ 7 ] Этот самый старый собранный образец можно найти в Британском музее . Через несколько лет после первой коллекции виды будут впервые описаны датским натуралистом Fabricius в 1775 году.
Описание
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Взрослые: Скуз лимонного дерева представляет собой простальный, средний и большой жук, достигающий длиной от 15 до 25 мм (0,6–1,0 дюйма). [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 2 ] Он имеет стройное тело с удлиненными антеннами . [ 8 ] Антенны обычно имеют такую же длину или длиннее тела, и способны сидеть перед или кричать назад к телу. [ 10 ] Взрослые могут варьироваться от красного коричневого до почти черного цвета, с пятнами бледно-желтых волосков на голове и бутеллума, который является небольшим местом на их спине, где грудная клетка соединяет элитру (случаи жесткого крыла). [ 5 ] [ 11 ] Самки больше и тяжелее мужчин, но имеют пропорционально более короткие антенны, но пол можно надежно определить только путем взгляда на гениталии с использованием микроскопа. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Отличительной особенностью O. hirta является поперечный морщин на дорсальной поверхности переднеспинки ; Это особенно отличительно для мужчин.
Яйца: белые и большие (2,0-2,2 мм) с тонкой восковой поверхностью, они уложены по отдельности в листьях или стебле, обрезки и шрамы цикады, поврежденной корой или мертвыми веточками на внешнем краю деревьев. [ 5 ] [ 9 ]
Личинки: их кожа белая до бледного крема с апельсином до коричневого содержимого кишечника, растущая длиной 25-40 мм. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Тело цилиндрическое с каждым грудным и брюшным сегментом, имеющим опухший поперечный гребень; Увеличенная голова содержит похожие на выгулистую мандибулы (кусающиеся челюсти), которые большие, но короткие и темно-коричневые до черного. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 12 ] Много минутные жесткие каштановые волосы выравнивают боковые края, особенно к голове. [ 5 ] [ 2 ] При нарушениях личинки способны на удивление быстро двигаться из -за спинных и вентральных мышечных хребтов, схвативших его окружение. [ 5 ]
Куколки: около 20-25 мм длиной. [ 5 ] Куколка - это бледно -красноватый цвет глины с более темными оттенками на крылах. [ 2 ] Камера куколки представляет собой короткую длину личиночного туннеля с плотно упакованными деревянными заглушками на каждом конце. [ 9 ] [ 2 ] Форма жука более очевидна на стадии куколки, показывая длинные антенны, сложенные рядом с телом, и более крупные ноги сгибались. В то время как индивидуумает, он может крутиться вокруг камеры, используя маленькие черные шипии на животе. [ 5 ]
Life cycle
[ редактировать ]Lemon tree borers have a long life cycle, averaging around two years,[13] with the majority of their life spent as larvae.[14] Eggs are singly laid between September and January and hatch in as little as a few days to two weeks, with most hatching between 9–13 days.[8][9] Once hatched larvae immediately start tunnelling into the wood, going first into sapwood and then heartwood to around 10-20mm deep.[8][9] Larvae occur in low density, with usually only two being present per tree.[15] They eat the wood, creating long tunnels with side galleries and holes for excretion of frass and aeration to discourage fungal growth.[9][5] They bore longitudinally into the stems, going towards the main stem or branch. Occasionally larvae will bore around a branch, causing girdling. Lemon tree borers can sometimes be found in dead trees, but prefer living trees as they require a certain level of humidity and nutrition to properly pupate to adulthood. The larval stage can last for one to two years, depending on the environment: larvae occurring in milder environments with a shorter winter period will pupate faster.[16] Larvae achieve modest growth over their first summer reaching around 15mm and mine approximately 150mm.[5] The larvae slow in activity over the winter months but increase substantially around October when temperatures become warmer.[5] Increased frass occurs in their second summer as larvae reach full size.[5] The pupal stage lasts between 2–3 weeks but can take up to several weeks, and begins late May to early November with larvae creating a small chamber within their tunnel.[9][5] Adults emerge early spring to late summer with the majority emerging October to December.[14] Newly emerged adults will remain in their pupal cells until their integument has hardened. Once they emerge, they become sexually mature around four days later (although this varies depending on environmental conditions). Adults feed on pollen and nectar of plants. They are mostly nocturnal, foraging and mating at night. During the day, they hide amongst vegetation.[17] Adults may live for around 2 months but often die after reproduction.[5]
Mating behaviour
[edit]Adults reach sexual maturity approximately 3–4 days after emergence, but usually take around 10 days before being able to reproduce.[16] Oemona hirta, like other cerambycid beetles, don't produce sex pheromones to attract a potential mate over long distance; instead they tend to meet at oviposition locations where mating occurs.[8] Mating usually occurs at night with males having been observed to wander in search of a mate and stumble across a female more than actively locate a mate.[8] Pre-mounting courtship displays appear to not occur and males quickly mount the females after coming into contact with them.[8] Lemon tree borer have a comparatively long mating period with potential multiple mating sessions occurring.[8] However, the final mating appears to take the longest, with total mating taking around 50 minutes.[8] Majority of males conduct mate-guarding as post-mating behaviour for approximately 20 minutes after mating by staying on the back of the female or remaining close by to ensure his sperm alone will father their off-spring.[8][14] Whenever the female is unresponsive, trying to move away from the male's advances, he would nip the female's antennae of lick the front of her thorax or elytra. The female would then calm down and raise her abdomen up again for him to continue. This is falls in the middle of mating behaviours of other longhorn species where the male will either mate with the female for a few hours without post-mating and guarding, or mate for a few minutes then leave to allow other males to mate with her.[18] Once the male withdraws the female has been observed to remain stationary for a short period of time before starting oviposition alone.[8] Females lay eggs in cracks or wounds in bark or on branches including fresh pruning cuts.[9] Females can produce over 50 eggs in their life span and lay only around 66% of eggs produced.[14][19]
Habitat and distribution
[edit]
Family distribution -
Oemona hirta belong to a large family of longhorn beetles, called Cerambycidae. Worldwide, the group contains over 33,000 species, within NZ there could be around 200-300 species.[20][21] The longhorn family have significant impacts to the economy, these impacts are mainly due to the larva's ability to process and damage hard wood with their specialised mandibles.[20] This makes them high on international security threat lists as new introductions from accidental imports would result in devastating loss to timber and horticultural industries.
Global range -
Oemona hirta is endemic to New Zealand (NZ) and has not established overseas, but there have been a few close occasions.[3] This includes individuals being identified in the UK by Food & Environment Research Agency in 1983, and again in 2010.[22] The latest specimen was found in an imported wisteria plant from NZ and classified as a devastating pest for the agricultural industry, if it were to settle.
New Zealand range -
Within NZ, lemon tree borers are native and the most commonly found longhorn beetle in NZ.[23] Until recently, it was assumed that they were widespread throughout New Zealand, but they are mainly located in the North Island, and the North-West Nelson region of the South Island (Crowe, A. 2015; Lindsey & Morris, 2013).[24][5] It has been collected from sea level up to altitudes of over 1,200 m (3,900 ft), as well as several offshore islands such as Kapiti Island and Mokopuna Island.[25] Like most other longhorn beetles, their good flying ability allows them to colonise favourable habitat, and spread far and wide.[26] The beetles mainly fly in the early morning and evening when most mating occurs.
Diet
[edit]Like their name suggests, this species larvae prefer to eat living vascular tissue of citrus trees, but they are not specialised to citrus. Prior to European settlers introducing exotic plants and cultivated trees over 150 years ago, premature specimen lived in native trees.[27][28] Now they are a highly polyphagous species invading native and introduced host trees and vines totalling over 200 species from 81 families.[17][18] This shows how adaptable the species can be, indicating that they will be in NZ for many years to come.[11] This creates a nuisance to cultivated orchards and tree nurseries in the North Island who can frequently be invaded. Adults can be found in orchards, and gardens feeding on plants too, but are far less destructive than the larvae, instead consuming pollen and nectar of native and exotic flowers.[3][20]
Common host plants
[edit]Exotic - Citrus, lemon, orange, tangelos, grape, apple, gooseberry, tamarillo, cherry, fig, peach, pomegranate, plum, blueberry, persimmon, camellia, elm, wisteria, willow, hakea, poplar, tree lucerne, almond, walnut, chestnut, and macadamia. Gorse is also one of the hosts that they're known to target providing one of the few benefits to controlling the weed in NZ.[6][28][8][14][16]
Native - Kowhai, rangiora, mahoe, tauhinu, tarata, Coprosma rotundifolia, and manuka.[11][27][28][12]
Agricultural pest
[edit]This species is of great economic importance and has become an agricultural pest due to the broad host diet and habit of the larvae, which bore into a wide range of host trees, both native and exotic.[29] Some important crop species are lemon (Citrus spp.), apple (Malus spp.), almond (Amygdalus spp.), chestnut (Castanea sativa and C. crenata), persimmon (Diospyros kaki),[30] cherry (Prunus spp.), walnut (Juglans regia), and grape (Vitis vinifera).[31] This has made them a substantial commercial and biosecurity pest as their potential for wide spread crop damage both in New Zealand and overseas is high.[16][14] As such, quarantine regulations have to be observed when exporting these crops overseas to reduce the risk of O. hirta being accidentally introduced, as they would be able to establish quickly.[16] O. hirta is a threat to the forestry industry, commercial fruit crops, and ornamental garden shrubs.[17] This beetle can be accidentally introduced by movement of plants for planting. It was first intercepted in the United Kingdom in 1983 and again in 2010 on Wisteria plants at two different plant nurseries.[17]
Plant symptoms -
[edit]The first symptom of an infestation by larvae is the wilting of foliage and dieback, but this may not always be apparent immediately. Trees will have excretion holes measuring 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in), with frass visible on the outside.[32] As the larva tunnels through the living branches of young hardwood trees and vines, the stems weaken, dry and break. This reduces the plants health rapidly, or even killing the tree over time if there is a manifestation.[16][4][33] Boring through the stem interrupts the sap flow which results in die-back in the late summer.[5][28] It can also make the host susceptible to fungal infection from weakened stems and holes created by the larva.
Control of Oemona hirta
[edit]Lemon tree borers are notoriously hard to control.[19] Larvae are not easily seen as they live deep in the wood making their natural behaviour hard to observe and creating difficulty for people to control them as a pest. Physical control can be done by removal of infested wood, but this is very labour-intensive.[8] The usual way of dealing with insect pests is to spray chemicals, this may be effective for the adults, however this is time-consuming and ineffective as the larvae are internally hidden.[14] In New Zealand, the best way to control the lemon tree borer is through preventive and curative methods.[17] To reduce infestations, plants affected need to be regularly pruned, with the offcuts removed and burned. However, this shouldn't be done when females are laying eggs as it will create more suitable places for larvae to infect,[28] so painting the ends of trimmed branches can be used to discourage reinfection.[28][9] Another thing that can make Oemona hirta more difficult to remove it that larvae can continue maturing to adulthood in pruned twigs/branches on the ground. However, the required conditions for survival would be that they were at an old enough stage that they could continue eating before the water and nutrients decay. Ways to enhance biocontrol are being investigated, although it is hard as the stems they live in protect them from most predators. However, their natural predator, the native parasitoid wasps are being investigated.
Predators and disease
[edit]
The main natural predators of lemon tree borers are solitary parasitoid wasps, two ichneumond wasp species (Xanthocryptus novozealandicus and Campoplex sp.) and one braconid wasp species (Apsicolpus hudsoni).[19][11] The parasitic ichneumonid wasp Xanthocryptus novozealandicus is native to New Zealand and being researched as a potential biological control agent. The female wasps parasitise wood-boring beetles, including lemon tree borer, by injecting an egg into the larvae which then grows and consumes the slowly dying grub.[19] Females do this by piercing through the wood with their ovipositor. X. novozealandicus prefers attacking larvae in their second year of growth.[34] Female wasps appear to assign their offspring according to the size of the larvae, in most cases larger larvae will host female offspring and smaller larvae host male offspring.[19] This is suggested to be due to the larger size of the adult female wasp compared to the male.[19] On examination of the remaining larval galleries it could be seen that upon being parasitised that larvae development halts.[19] Additionally, a parasitic fungi Cordyceps aemonae has been documented to affect larvae.[9]
References
[edit]
- ^ Foord, M (1990). The New Zealand descriptive animal dictionary : The common names of the animals, native and introduced, large and small, on the land and in the waters of New Zealand and her outlying islands, with a short description of each. Dunedin, N.Z: M.R.R. Foord.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hudson, George Vernon (1934). New Zealand beetles and their larvae: an elementary introduction to the study of our native Coleoptera, with seventeen coloured plates. Ferguson & Osborn. ISBN 1869642287. OCLC 155928156.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Lindsey, T., & Morris, R. (2013). Collins pocket guide to New Zealand minibeasts. Auckland: Harper Collins Publishers.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b Walker, A., Cox, Geoffrey J., & Heath, Eric (2000). The Reed handbook of common New Zealand insects (Rev. and updated.. ed.). Auckland [N.Z.]: Reed.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Clearwater, J., & New Zealand. Department of Scientific Industrial Research (1981). Lemon tree borer, Oemona hirta (Fabricius), life cycle (Information series (New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) ; no. 105/33). Wellington, N.Z.: Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b Miller, D (1955). Native insects (Nature in New Zealand). Wellington [N.Z.]: Reed.
- ^ Helmore, D., & Entomological Society of New Zealand. (1982). Drawings of New Zealand insects (Bulletin (Entomological Society of New Zealand). Auckland, N.Z.: Entomological Society of New Zealand.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wang, Qiao; Davis, Lorraine K. (2005). "Mating Behavior of Oemona hirta (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) in Laboratory Conditions". Journal of Insect Behavior. 18 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1007/s10905-005-0474-y. ISSN 0892-7553. S2CID 10014486.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hosking, G. P. (1978). "Oemona Hirta (Fabricius) (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) Lemon tree borer". Forest and Timber Insects of New Zealand. 31 – via Forest Research Institute.
- ^ Klimaszewski, J.; Watt, J. C. (1997). Coleoptera: family group review and keys to identification. Wellington: GP Print Ltd.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Early, J. (2009). Know Your New Zealand Insects & Spiders. New Zealand: New Holland Publishers (NZ) Ltd.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ostojá-Starzewski, J.; MacLeod, A.; Eyre, E. (September 2010). "Lemon Tree Borer – Plant Pest Factsheet" (PDF). Plant Health Portal.
- ^ Dumbleton, L. J. (1957). "The immature stages of some New Zealand longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 84: 611–628.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wang, Q.; Shi, G; Davis, L. K. (1998). "Reproductive Potential and Daily Reproductive Rhytems of Oemona hirta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 91 (6): 1360–1365. doi:10.1093/jee/91.6.1360.
- ^ Rohitha, B. H.; Hartley, T.; Franklin, S. J. (1993). "Lemon tree borer damage on persimmon". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference: 141.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wang, Qiao; Davis, Lorraine K.; Rogers, David J.; Song, Deping; Shi, Guanglu; Chen, Xiang (2002). "Development, Survival, Body Weight, Longevity, and Reproductive Potential of Oemena hirta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Under Different Rearing Conditions". Journal of Economic Entomology. 95 (3): 563–569. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.563. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 12076001. S2CID 25375765.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Pest Risk Analysis for Oemona hirta". European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. EPPO. September 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wang, Q., & Davis, L. (2005). Mating Behavior of Oemona hirta (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) in Laboratory Conditions. Journal of Insect Behavior, 18(2), 187-191.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wang, Q.; Shi, G. (2001). "Host preference and sex allocation of three hymenopteran parasitoid species (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) of a longicorn pest, Oemona hirta (Fabr.) (Col., Cerambycidae)". Journal of Applied Entomology. 125 (8): 463–467. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0418.2001.00582.x. ISSN 0931-2048. S2CID 85194142.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Slipiski, A. & Escalona, H. (2013). : Австралийские жуки с Лонгхорном Виктория: CSRO Publishing.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Klimaszewski, J., Watt, J. C & Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd (1997). Coleoptera: обзор семейной группы и ключи к идентификации (Фауна Новой Зеландии; № 37) . Линкольн, Новая Зеландия: Манааки, когда пресса.
{{cite book}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Аноним (2010). Fera подтверждает первое британское лимонное дерево Borer с 1983 года . Неделя садоводства, 6.
- ^ Раннее, J. (2009). Знайте свою Новую Зеландию ... насекомые и пауки . New Holland Publishers (NZ) Ltd.
- ^ Кроу, А. (2002). Какое новозеландское насекомое? Полем Penguin Group (NZ) Ltd.
- ^ Лу, Вэнь; Ван, Цяо (2005). «Систематика рода новозеландского жука Opemona Newman с обсуждением таксономического положения австралийских видов, O. Simblex White (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae)». Zootaxa . 971 (1): 1. DOI : 10.11646/Zootaxa.971.1.1 . ISSN 1175-5334 . S2CID 89359713 .
- ^ Клируотер, младший (1981). «Перирь лимонного дерева, Оемона Хирта (Фабриуз), жизненный цикл». Департамент научных и промышленных исследований жизненного цикла . 33 . doi : 10.7931/dl1-dis-105-33 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Manson, D. & McDowall, LH (1960). Родные жуки (природа в Новой Зеландии) . Веллингтон [Новая Зеландия]: Рид.
{{cite book}}: Cs1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Шоу, BD; Кристоллер, JT (2009). «Характеристика протеаз в середине ксилофагозных личинок Oemona Hirta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)» . Наука насекомых . 16 (5): 381–386. doi : 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2009.01274.x . S2CID 84420927 .
- ^ Ван, Цяо; Дэвис, Лорейн К.; Роджерс, Дэвид Дж.; Песня, Deping; Ши, Гуанлу; Чен, Сян (1 июня 2002 г.). «Развитие, выживание, вес тела, долголетие и репродуктивный потенциал Oemena Hirta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) в различных условиях выращивания» . Журнал экономической энтомологии . 95 (3): 563–569. doi : 10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.563 . ISSN 0022-0493 . PMID 12076001 . S2CID 25375765 .
- ^ Рохита, BH; Хартли, Т.; Франклин, SJ (1993). «Урон лимонного дерева бурильна на хурму». Труды Новой Зеландии Конференции по защите растений . Новозеландское общество защиты растений Inc.: 141.
- ^ Spiller, DM (1982). Каталог (1860–1960) новозеландских насекомых и их хозяева . Новозеландская кафедра научных и промышленных исследований. ISBN 0477066933 Полем OCLC 10456569 .
- ^ «Спросите эксперта | лимонный дерево Borer» . www.weekendgardener.co.nz . Получено 17 мая 2019 года .
- ^ Zondag, R. (1964). Насекомого вредителей лесных питомников и молодых плантаций в Новой Зеландии .
- ^ Скотт, Р.Р., изд. (1984). Новозеландские вредители и полезные насекомые . Кентербери, Новая Зеландия: Колледж сельского хозяйства Линкольна. п. 288. ISBN 0864760000 .