Ulmus minor 'ploti'
Ulmus minor 'ploti' | |
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![]() 'Plotii', near Fineshade, 1911 | |
Species | Ulmus minor |
Cultivar | 'Plotii' |
Origin | England |
Полевое ELM сортирование Ulmus Minor 'plotii' , широко известный как Lock Elm [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Или Лок [ 3 ] [ 4 ] (его народные названия), ELM сюжета [ 5 ] или сюжет Elm , [ 6 ] и сначала классифицируется как Ulmus Sativa мельница . вар Lockii , а затем в качестве Ulmus plotii от Druce в 1907-11 годах (см. «Этимология»), является эндемичным в основном в Восточном Мидлендсе Англии, в частности, вокруг реки Whoam в Линкольншире , в долине Трент вокруг Ньюарка-он-Трент , [ 6 ] и вокруг деревни Лакстон, Нортгемптоншир . Рональд Мелвилл предположил, что распределение дерева может быть связано с системами River Valley, в частности, в Тренте, Witham, Welland и Nene . [ 6 ] Еще две популяции существовали в Глостершире . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Он был описан как британский редкий местный вяза и зарегистрирован Трастом дикой природы как национально дефицитный вид. [ 9 ]
Как и в случае с другими членами Полевой группы ELM, таксономия в ELM заговора была вопросом спора, несколько властей, особенно профессор Клайв А. Стейс в New Flora Британских островов (2010), [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Признавая его как вид сам по себе. Как и U. plotii druce образцы, удерживаемые Королевскими ботаническими садами в Kew и Wakehurst Place , перечислены . RH Richens , однако, утверждал (1983), что это просто один из наиболее отличительных клонов полиморфного несовершеннолетнего Ulmus , предполагая, что он возник как U. Minor Sport и что его заболеваемость в английском Midlands, возможно, была связана с его использованием как отличительный маркер по дорогам Дроверов . [13]: 54 [14] After Richens had challenged the species hypothesis, the tree was the subject of a study at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh by Dr Max Coleman (2000), which showed that trees a perfect fit with the 'type' material of Plot elm were of a single clone (genetically identical to each other).[15][16] Arguing in a 2002 paper that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies, and suggesting that known or suspected clones of U. minor, once cultivated and named, should be treated as cultivars, Coleman preferred the designation U. minor 'Plotii'[17] to U. minor var. plotii, a form used in late 20th-century publications.[18]
Alfred Rehder considered Ulmus Plotii Druce to be synonymous with Jonathan Stokes' Ulmus surculosa argutifolia which was located at Furnace Mill near North Wingfield, Derbyshire,[note 1] before 1812.[19][20][21] Earlier still, a herbarium specimen labelled Ulmus angustissima collected in the 1670s by Edward Morgan, the Welsh botanist referred to by Evelyn in his Diary and colleague of Thomas Johnson, was identified by Druce in 1919 as Ulmus plotii.[22] Morgan's source location is not recorded; the nearest Plot Elm (recorded in the 20th century) to his North Wales home was in Shropshire.[6][23][24][25]
Augustine Henry, though he equated the elm with Druce's, miscalled it Goodyer's Elm (U. minor 'Goodyeri'). The trees John Goodyer discovered were near the south coast at Pennington, Hampshire, some 200 miles away from centre of distribution of 'Plotii' and very dissimilar in structure.[26][27][28]
Description
[edit]Richens stated that "a unilateral habit is the prime diagnostic feature of U. plotii."[29] This habit of branching tends to make Plot appear narrow from some angles. Before the advent of Dutch elm disease, this slender, "loose-habited",[30] monopodial tree[31] grew to a height of 30 metres (98 ft) and was chiefly characterized by its cocked crown comprising a few short ascending branches. Richens[32] likened its appearance to an ostrich feather, and noted "a general tendency for shoots to continue growth as long shoots".[13]: 4 Melville noted that Plot "is unusually variable in the type of shoot produced on normal branches of the crown. In some seasons trees produce occasional branches bearing only semi-long shoots – i.e. shoots intermediate in character between typical short-shoots[33] and the long extension shoots."[34] These semi-long shoots (also known as "proliferating short-shoots") have smaller, more rounded, more coarsely toothed leaves.[35][36]: 652 [37] The bark remains smooth for several years.[13] A few longer lower branches were often a feature of its profile;[38][39] the form of old trees will have depended on whether or not these survived cropping and pruning. The obovate to elliptic acuminate leaves are small, nearly equal at the base,[40] rarely > 4 cm in length, with comparatively few marginal teeth, usually < 70; the upper surfaces dull, with a scattering of minute tubercles and hairs.[41] The samarae[42] rarely ripen, but when mature are narrowly obovate, < 13 mm in length, with a triangular open notch.[26][27]
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'Plotii', Banbury, 1911 (two contiguous trees)
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Ulmus plotii Druce leaves, The Gardeners' Chronicle, 1912[43]
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Young Plot Elm, Laxton, Northamptonshire, 2015
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Plot Elm, Laxton, Northamptonshire (upper stem missing)
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Young 'Plotii' in winter, Scamblesby, Lincolnshire
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Plot foliage in mid-May, Caythorpe, Nottinghamshire
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Plot bark, Laxton, Northamptonshire
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Young Plot bark, Caythorpe, Nottinghamshire
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Plot foliage and young bark, Utterby, Lincolnshire
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Plot foliage, showing semi-long shoots, Utterby, Lincolnshire
Stokes' Ulmus surculosa argutifolia (1812) [: 'bright-leaved twiggy elm'], considered by Rehder a description of the elm pre-dating Druce's by a century,[19] was a tree with erect stem and branches throughout its length, and with small elliptic leaves, scabrous above and villose beneath, 1 to 2.5 inches long, that narrowed at the base, with margins meeting petiole nearly opposite each other.[20]
Pests and diseases
[edit]'Plotii' is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease.
Etymology
[edit]The tree was first classified by the Oxford botanist George Claridge Druce in 1907-11,[6][3][44][5][45][46] who found examples at Banbury and Fineshade, Northamptonshire, and published descriptions with photographs.[6][5][47] Druce named the tree for Dr Robert Plot, a 17th-century English naturalist. The older vernacular name 'Lock Elm', in use since at least 1742,[48] is said to be an allusion to the difficulty in working its timber.[49] Druce, however, wrote in 1913 that 'The wood is of very good quality, easy to work, and of a different texture from the Wych, Dutch, or English Elm, and has a general usefulness as a substitute for Ash or Wych Elm. The name Locks Elm can have no reference to any difficulty in working or dressing of the wood.'[4] 'Lock' may be related to its use in boundaries, as 'loc' is Old English for enclosure.[50] Lock Elm may have been one of the plants used in witchcraft to open locks and reveal hidden treasure.[51] Richens called the tree U. minor. var. lockii.[13]: 4 A. R. Horwood in his book British Wild Flowers – In Their Natural Haunts, called it the 'Northamptonshire Elm'.[52]
Bancroft referred to Plot's Elm as the 'East Anglian Elm', adding that it was often referred to as Wych Elm in the region;[53] however, she was almost certainly alluding to the Smooth-leaved Elm.
Cultivation
[edit]Plot-type elms had been noted as distinctive and were being cultivated in collections before they were botanically classified by Druce (1911), as evidenced by the two specimens at Westonbirt House[54] (mature by 1912 when Augustine Henry photographed one of them for his Trees of Great Britain & Ireland) and the tree at Eastington Park.[8][55] Melville confirmed by field studies in the 1930s that Druce's specimens[5] were typical ('the type'),[6] but believing plotii to be a species and so to some extent variable[56] he also admitted to Kew 'Plot Elms' that varied from the type.[47]: 74 Cultivation in the decades that followed, influenced by Melville or sourced from Kew, allowed similar latitude. Following Coleman's findings about the type (2000) and his paper on British elms (2002), atypical Plot's Elms or 'Plot-type' elms are classified as Ulmus aff. 'Plotii'. These are very close to Plot's Elm and have a number of characteristics of the type, but their crowns are too broad and regular to match "true Plot".[15][17] Melville himself, from the 1940s, had used the name Ulmus aff. plotii for elms close to Plot but outside the range of his variable species.[57]
Melville believed that the tree, scattered in distribution by the 20th century, was formerly more abundant.[6][47] William Henry Wheeler in his History of the fens of south Lincolnshire, being a description of the rivers Witham and Welland and their estuary (1897) – a Plot area – wrote: "The tree of the Fenland and the one which attains to a very large growth is the elm".[58][59] An uncommon tree even before Dutch elm disease, 'Plotii' has also been affected by the destruction of hedgerows and by urban development within its limited range.[9][47]: 72–74 No mature 'type' trees are known to survive. One of the last known stands of semi-mature Plot elms, the Madingley Road elms[60][61][note 2] descended from those described by Elwes and Henry in 1913[26] and by Richens in 1960,[62] was destroyed by the City Council of Richens's own Cambridge in road-widening c.2007–2014.[63] Unlike other forms of Field Elm, 'Plotii' is not a prolific generator of root suckers,[7] but it is not considered critically endangered. Conservation measures were drafted to preserve known stands and to encourage propagation,[9] though it is not clear if any of these were implemented.[citation needed]
"A landscape of such trees," wrote Richens in 1956, "such as occurs in parts of northern Northamptonshire,[64] is highly distinctive, and rather suggestive of a Japanese print."[65] "The Plot Elm is a beautiful tree," agreed Gerald Wilkinson, with "a silhouette no broader than Wheatley's." Wilkinson regarded as a "lost opportunity" the failure of East Midlands councils to cultivate this local elm in preference to exotic plantsmen's varieties. "Unhappily, the plumes of U. plotii are no longer a common feature of the landscape of the Trent above Newark and the Witham above Lincoln. Elms are now [1978] few in these areas that were once the home of Plot Elm. A wartime shortage of wood, altered drainage levels, land clearance for power stations, and machine farming have all combined into the familiar pattern of short-term efficiency and long-term degradation."[47]: 74 [note 3]
Elms labelled 'Plotii' were included in botanical collections such as Kew Gardens,[47] Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, University of Dundee Botanic Garden (the two latter by Edward Kemp),[66] and Belmonte Arboretum, Wageningen.[67] In the UK 'Plot Elm' was propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, from 1949, with 38 sold from 1965 to 1977, when production ceased.[68][69] Its presence in the Hillier nursery suggests that it was also represented in the Hillier Arboretum in the mid-20th century. The tree is now only planted occasionally owing to its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease.[70][71] It appears in National Elm Collection lists,[72] but no specimen is known in the Brighton area (2015).
In continental Europe, 'Plotii' was distributed by the Späth nursery of Berlin from at least 1930 onwards, as U. minor Mill. (U. sativa Moss), 'Goodyer-Rüster' [:'Goodyer Elm'], "a tall tree up to 30 m, of upright growth and [with] pendulous [branchlets]".[73] Späth knew Elwes and Henry's 1913 work, with its photograph of one of the Westonbirt trees so named,[73] so is likely to have sourced 'Plotii' either from Westonbirt or from one of Elwes and Henry's other source locations. (The real Goodyer's Elm was rediscovered by Melville in the later 1930s.) Rehder (1949) gives U. sativa Moss as a synonym of 'Plotii'.[19] A specimen stood in Zuiderpark, The Hague, in the mid-20th century.[74] The U. minor that stood in the Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk,[75] in the early 20th century [76] may have been Plot Elm, referred to as U. minor in the leading UK tree survey of the day, Elwes and Henry (1913). Späth sent numerous elms to Ryston, but the date when he began supplying Ulmus minor [:Plot Elm] is unknown. Three young specimens were reported (2014) from in a private garden at Seyne les Alpes, France. [citation needed]
In the USA, the " U. minor = U. sativa " introduced as "young grafted plants" to the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts, c.1915, may have been Plot Elm, as the arboretum's July 1915 article on European Elms reporting this accession is based on Elwes and Henry's 1913 book and nomenclature.[77] The young trees were established by 1918 and still present in 1922, the arboretum then considering them possibly the only specimens of this kind of elm in the US.[78][79]
Notable trees
[edit]The type tree at Banbury was blown down in a gale around 1943; the timber was donated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[80] A mature avenue of the 'type' tree stood at Newton on Trent, Lincolnshire, in the early 20th century[81] and a notable quantity grew by the river Tove at Towcester and was present until at least 1955.[82] A large assemblage of Plot elm survives (2015) as a hedge of young trees near Caythorpe, Nottinghamshire. Two large trees survive near Calceby, Lincolnshire (2016).[83]
One of two late 19th-century specimens in the parkland of Westonbirt House, mature by 1912 when Henry photographed it for his Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, was said by Elwes to be the largest-known tree of its kind in Britain.[26] A clearer, winter photograph appears in Bruce Jackson's Catalogue of the Trees & Shrubs in the Collection of Sir George Lindsay Holford (1927).[54] It was 88 feet (27 m) high and 8.1 feet (2.5 m) in girth in 1921.[54] The 1921 girth is consistent (on circumference-growth estimates for elm[84]) with a c.1820s planting date – that is, a decade after Stokes published his 1812 description, matching Westonbirt, and giving source-location, of his Ulmus surculosa argutifolia.[20] Elwes and Henry examined Druce's 'type' trees in Banbury and the elms of Madingley Road, Cambridge, as well as the Westonbirt specimens, and considered all three the same "species". Another notable specimen, described in Flora of Gloucestershire (1948) as U. plotii Druce, stood in the grounds of Eastington House, Ampney St Peter, Gloucestershire, till blown down c.1947.[85][55][86]
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Two surviving 'Plotii', Calceby, Lincolnshire, July 2016 (died 2019)
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Plot hedge, Caythorpe, Nottinghamshire
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'Plotii', Ampney Crucis, Gloucestershire (2017),[87] near Ampney St Peter, where the notable Eastington House 'Plotii' stood[8][86]
Natural hybrids
[edit]Plot Elm hybridizes in the wild both with wych elm,[6][13] to form U. × hollandica 'Elegantissima', and with U. minor to form Ulmus × viminalis. Melville noted that within the limits of the tree's distribution, hybrids are more common than Plot Elm itself.[6]
Hybrid cultivars
[edit]Elms of the Ulmus × viminalis group have been cultivated since the 19th century and have given rise to a hybrid cultivar of that name and to the cultivars 'Aurea', 'Marginata', 'Pulverulenta'.[36]: 659 The 19th-century cultivar 'Myrtifolia' was considered by Melville to be a probable U. minor × U. minor 'Plotii' hybrid.[88] The cultivar Wentworth Elm was identified by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh as a hybrid of Huntingdon Elm and Plot Elm, though Melville dismissed the specimen growing at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew as Huntingdon Elm.[88] The 20th-century dwarf elm cultivar 'Jacqueline Hillier' is thought to belong to the 'Elegantissima' group.[36]: 653 The cultivar 'Etrusca' was identified by Melville as a hybrid of U. glabra × U. minor 'Plotii'.[88]
In art, photography, and literature
[edit]
... Cedric stopped the car when they were well out of the suburbs on the Hertfordshire side, at a place where a by-road ran up a slope of ploughland. At the top was a short row of elms whose crests were asymmetrical – shaped like one-sided foam on a tankard of beer, as if exposed to a prevailing breeze. |
– From E. B. C. Jones, Morning and Cloud (1932).[89] |
George Lambert's landscape 'View of Dunton Hall, Lincolnshire', painted in 1739 near Tydd St Mary within the native range of Plot Elm, shows a narrow monopodial elm-like tree with short branches and cocked crown, that may be a rare representation of Plot Elm in art.[90][91] Tydd St Mary is between the rivers Nene and Welland, by both of which Melville had noted the presence of Plot Elm.[6][92][93]
What appear to be two Plot elms stand in the background of Ernest Arthur Rowe's painting 'Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire, The Rose Garden' (1898).[94] Elwes (1913) mentioned Plot elm at Hagnaby Priory, East Kirkby, near Revesby Abbey.[26] Rowe (1863–1922) was known for his meticulous attention to botanical detail.
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George Lambert, 'View of Dunton Hall, Lincolnshire' (1739)
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'On The Leam'. Plot elm in a postcard by Hildesheime (c.1907)
Walter Hutchinson's four-volume Britain Beautiful (1920), a pictorial celebration of the British Isles that includes a number of elm landscapes, contains a photograph by Herbert Felton, FRPS (1888-1968) of a notable Plot elm by King's Mill, Stamford, Lincolnshire, c.1910, a tall undamaged double-stemmed tree, with long lateral boughs like a sparse-branched cedar of Lebanon.[38] Of such well-grown specimens Melville wrote: "In old age Plot is matched by no other elm for character and individuality".[95]
A description in E. B. C. Jones's novel Morning and Cloud (1932) of asymmetrical elms in Hertfordshire, where Plot Elm was present,[96][97] may be a rare literary reference to 'Plotii'.
Accessions
[edit]- Europe
- Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. As U. minor 'Plotii'. Acc. no. 1081.
- Wakehurst Place Garden, Wakehurst Place, UK, as U. plotii. Acc. no. 1912-59402, donated by Augustine Henry, acc. nos. 1975–6181, 1975–6195, all collected by Ronald Melville.
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK, as U. plotii, acc. no. 1969-16753, (planted 1958), donated by Melville.
- North America
- Bartlett tree nurseries. Acc. nos. 7771, 00–108, as U. plotii, provenances not disclosed.
Synonyms
[edit]- Ulmus angustissima: Edward Morgan MSS "Hortus siccus" (c.1672); Druce (1919)[22]
- Ulmus surculosa argutifolia Stokes.[19][20]
- Ulmus sativa var. Lockii Druce.[19][3]
- Ulmus minor Henry (non Miller).[19][26]
- Ulmus sativa Moss (non Miller).[19][98]
- Ulmus Plotii Druce.[19][5][6]
- Ulmus minor var. lockii Richens.[13]
The Laxton court-case
[edit]It is not known whether what the Press called "lofty Italian elms" on the village green of Laxton, Northamptonshire (later identified as a Plot hub), the felling of which in 1937 caused a fracas between conservationists and police and led to a court-case, were U. plotii, perhaps miscalled by outsiders by analogy with similarly narrow Italian poplar.[99]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Possibly a misprint for Furnace Hill, near North Wingfield.
- ^ Augustine Henry's hybrid Ulmus 'Mossii' was also present in Madingley Rd (Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, vol. 7, p.1865; Kew Herbarium specimen K000852679)
- ^ Wilkinson's tree-photographs of Plot in Epitaph for the Elm (1978) show known forms; his leaves-photograph, however, from a mislabelled tree at Kew (p.72) and his leaf-illustration drawn from this (p.55) do not match type-Plot herbarium specimens (see External Links).
References
[edit]- ^ Wright, Joseph (1905). The English dialect dictionary. Vol. 3. p. 637 [637 1.sb. (4)].
- ^ Gould, S.C. & L.M. (1901). Notes and Queries. Vol. 7. pp. 229, 353, 453.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Druce, George Claridge (1908). "Report for 1907" (PDF). Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. Oxford: 258. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Druce, George Claridge (1914). "Report for 1913" (PDF). Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. 5. 3: 399–400. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Druce, George Claridge (1911). "New or noteworthy plants". The Gardeners' Chronicle. 3. Vol. 50. pp. 408–409. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Melville, Ronald (1940). "Contributions to the study of British Elms:- III. The Plot Elm, Ulmus plotii Druce" (PDF). The Journal of Botany. 78: 181–191. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Messenger, Guy (1990). "Вязание на грани вымирания в Англии?" (PDF) . BSBI News . Тол. 55. С. 8–9 . Получено 14 июня 2016 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Riddelsdell, HJ; Хедли, GW; Прайс, WR (1948). Флора Глостершира . Челтенхем: Полевой клуб Cotteswold Naturalists. п. 432.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Вязья сюжета (Ulmus plotii) . Wildlifebcnp.org. Получено на 2012-03-22.
- ^ Армстро, СП; Sell, PD (1996). Ulmus L., Ulmaceae): the historical background": Общество ботанического журнала 120 : 39–50. doi : 10.111/ j.1095-8 26 2017октября
- ^ Стейс, Калифорния (1997). Новая флора Британских островов , 2 -е издание. Издательство Кембриджского университета.
- ^ Мелвилл Р. (1978). «О дискриминации видов в гибридных роях со специальной ссылкой на Ульмус и номенклатуру У. Минор (Милл.) И У. Карпинифолия (GLED.)». Таксон 27 (4): 345–351. doi : 10.2307/1220370 . JSTOR 1220370 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Richens, RH (1983). Вере Издательство Кембриджского университета. ISBN 0521249163 .
- ^ Макс Коулман, изд.: Вязки WYCH ( Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh , 2009; Публикация 978-1-906129-21-7 ; ) п. 22
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Коулман, М.; Hollingsworth, ML & Hollingsworth, PM (2000). «Применение RAPD к критической таксономии английского эндемического ELM Ulmus plotii Druce» . Ботанический журнал Линневого общества . 133 (3): 241–262. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01545.x .
- ^ «Образец гербария - E00075691» . Каталог гербария . Королевский ботанический сад Эдинбург . U. Minor Mill. , «Подходящее описание U. plotii druce (юношеские листья; Westborough, Lincs., RBGE Specimen, 1998); «Образец гербария - E00075707» . Каталог гербария . Королевский ботанический сад Эдинбург . U. Minor Mill. , «Подходящее описание U. plotii druce (юношеские листья; Laxton, Northants., RBGE Passimen, 1998); «Образец гербария - e00075704» . Каталог гербария . Королевский ботанический сад Эдинбург . U. Minor Mill. , «Подходящее описание U. plotii druce (юношеские листья; Barrowby, Lincs., RBGE Specimen, 1998)
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Коулман, Макс (2002). "Британские веревки". Британская дикая природа . Тол. 13, нет. 6. С. 390–395.
- ^ Кемп, Эдди (1979). «Введение растения», в Клоустоне, Брайан; Стэнсфилд, Кэти (ред.), После введения ; Лондон: Хейнеманн; с.32
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час Рехдер, Альфред (1949). "Ulmaceae" . Библиография культивируемых деревьев и кустарников вынослива в более прохладных умеренных областях северного полушария . п. 143.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Стоукс, Джонатан (1812). Ботаническая Материя Медика . Тол. 2. С. 36–37.
- ^ Derbyshire Участок ELM REATROWTH, ASHBORNE RD (A52), к востоку от Брэйлсфорда - Google Maps, июнь 2019 г., Дата доступа: 3 января 2024 г.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Druce, GC, «Hortus Siccus» Эдварда Моргана, в Bodleian Quarterly Record , Vol. 2, № 13-24, 1917-1919 (Оксфорд, 1920), с.227-228
- ^ U. plotii , Shawbury, Shropshire; Bioportal.naturalis.nl, образец L.1581978
- ^ Участок Элмс, Шоубери, Шропшир, 1955; francisfrith.com
- ^ Установочный оболочек в Деккер -Хилл, к северу от Шифнала, Шропшир - Карты Google, октябрь 2023 г., Дата доступа: 4 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Эльвз, Генри Джон ; Генри, Августин (1913). Деревья Великобритании и Ирландии . Тол. 7. С. 1901–1902, тарелка 403.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный White, J. & Metter, D. (2002). Деревья Британии и Северной Европы . Касселл, Лондон.
- ^ Chatters, C. (2009) Цветы леса - растения и жители Нового лесного национального парка . Wildguides, Old Basing, Англия. ISBN 978-1-903657-19-5
- ^ Richens, RH, «Исследования на Ulmus V - деревенских лесах Бедфордшира», Forestry , Vol. 34 (1961), с.194
- ^ WJ Stearn Описание, Shawbury, Shropshire, 1942: Bioportal.naturalis.nl, образец L.1581978
- ^ Фотография Elm, Ботаническое общество Британских островов, BSBI News April 2013, № 123, с.12.
- ^ Richens, RH (1968). Правильное обозначение европейских полей. Реперториум Feddes 79: 1 –2.
- ^ «Образец гербария - E00259948» . Каталог гербария . Королевский ботанический сад Эдинбург . Ulmus plotii (образец «типа» Druce, Banbury, 1911); «Образец гербария - L.1581978» . Ботанические каталоги . Центр биоразнообразия Naturalis . Лист с надписью U. plotii Druce (WJ Stearn Specmen, Shawbury , Shropshire, 1942); «Образец гербария - E00259949» . Каталог гербария . Королевский ботанический сад Эдинбург . Ulmus plotii (образец Мелвилла, Банбери, 1946); «Образец гербария - L.1581979» . Ботанические каталоги . Центр биоразнообразия Naturalis . Лист с надписью U. plotii Druce (RCL Howitt Passimen, Caythorpe, Nottinghamshire, 1957); «Образец гербария - L.1581970» . Ботанические каталоги . Центр биоразнообразия Naturalis . Лист с надписью U. plotii Druce (Melville and Heybroek Specmen, Banbury, Oxfordshire, 1958); «Образец гербария - L.1582362» . Ботанические каталоги . Центр биоразнообразия Naturalis . Лист с надписью Ulmus , Madingley Road, Cambridge (Heybroek Pexiting, 1960)
- ^ Аннотация Мелвилла с Herbarium passimen BR0000005422500 , Botanic Garden, Meise , июнь 1951 г.
- ^ , «Морфологические признаки в дискриминации видов и гибридов», в Lousley, Je (ed. Melville, R. ) , 1955)
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Бин, WJ (1988). Деревья и кустарники выносливы в Великобритании (8 -е изд.). Лондон: Мюррей.
- ^ Листья несовершеннолетних: «Образец гербария - L.4222653» . Ботанические каталоги . Центр биоразнообразия Naturalis . Лист с надписью U. plotii Druce (полу-сувенильное дерево; wj Stearn expecmen, Lee Brockhurst , Shropshire, 1942); «Образец гербария - L.1582320» . Ботанические каталоги . Центр биоразнообразия Naturalis . U. plotii , Zuiderpark, Гаага, образец длинных стрелков, возможно, несовершеннолетний (1954)
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Высокий, широкий сюжет Elm, Kings Mill, Стэмфорд, Линкольншир: Хатчинсон, Уолтер, Британия Благодарие (Лондон C.1920), Vol.3. с.1332
- ^ См. Фото Уилкинсона «Участок въезжает мелко выращенные» и «Молодой сюжет в долине Трент» , Фото Druce's Banbury , фото Стейса Вангартон , фото Westonbirt, Links Bruntsfield Links и т. Д.
- ^ Шаг, Эдвард, Уэйсайд и лесные деревья (Лондон, 1940), с.77
- ^ Образец гербария Ulmus plotii druce (Banbury), 1911, каталог rbge herbarium, наблюдение E00259948
- ^ Самара иллюстрация в Мелвилле, Рональд, 1940, «Вклад в изучение британских вязов:- iii. Учебный ELM, Ulmus plotii Druce ', The Journal of Botany , Vol. 78, с.186
- ^ Хроника садовников , 13 апреля 1912 г., с.235
- ^ Druce, George Claridge (1911–1912). "Ulmus plotii". Журнал Общества естественной истории Нортгемптоншира . 16 : 108. HDL : 2027/UMN.31951D00651919T .
- ^ Druce, Джордж Кларидж (1912). «Новые или достойные внимания растения» . Хроника садовников . 3. Vol. 51. с. 35 Получено 14 июня 2016 года .
- ^ Druce, Джордж Кларидж (1908). Список британских растений . Оксфорд: Clarendon Press. п. 63.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Уилкинсон, Джеральд (1978). Эпитафия для Вяда . Лондон ISBN 9780091314507 .
{{cite book}}
: CS1 Maint: местоположение отсутствует издатель ( ссылка ) - ^ «В рынке-Харборо в графстве Лестер, покойный мистер Джон Смит, Ironmonger, умерший. ... у которого сто колес для продажи ... сделано из правого блокировки». Стэмфорд Меркурий . Стэмфорд, Линкольншир. 18 марта 1742 г. с. 3
- ^ Герни Р. (1958). Деревья Британии . Faber & Faber, Лондон.
- ^ "loc" . Eow: Modern - Old English Translator .
- ^ Thiselton Dyer, TF (1889). Народные растения . С. 51, 82, 196, 197.
- ^ Horwood, AR (1919). Британские полевые цветы - в их естественных приютах . Тол. 6. Грешам издательская компания. п. 208
- ^ Bancroft, H. (1934). Примечания о статусе и номенклатуре британских ELMS. Садовники хроника XCVI.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Джексон, А. Брюс, Каталог деревьев и кустарников [в Westonbirt] в коллекции покойного лейтента. Сэр Джордж Линдсей Холфорд (Лондон 1927), с.195; Содержит вторую фотографию.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный "Глостерширский сюжет въезжает" . Сюжет Эльмс .
- ^ Дерево недалеко от Брокдиша, Норфолк, помеченное « U. plotii Variety» от Melville, 1937; Bioportal.naturalis.nl, образец L.4214744
- ^ bioportal.naturalis.nl, образец L.4214727
- ^ Wheeler, Wh, история о себе южного Линкольншира, будучи описанием рек Witham и Welland и их устья (Лондон, 1897), с.485
- ^ Участок Elm от Witham, C.1910, Francisfrith.com (Местоположение: Geograph.org.uk/photo/1487190)
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Madingley Rd Elms, Bioportal.naturalis.nl, образец L.1582362
- ^ U. PLOTII , Dry Drayton, недалеко от Мадингли (образец Мелвилла, 1947); Bioportal.naturalis.nl, образец L.4222778
- ^ Richens, RH (1960). "Cambridgeshire Elms" (PDF) . Природа в Кембриджшире . 3 : 19 . Получено 13 июня 2016 года .
- ^ Участок в Elms на Мадингли -роуд, Кембридж, 2006 , и Мадингли -роуд, Кембридж, 2013
- ^ Участок Elms (слева) , Thrapston , Northamptonshire, c.1960; francisfrith.com
- ^ Риченс, Ричард Хук (1956). "ELMS". Новая биология . 20 : 7–29.
- ^ Кемп, Эдди (1979). «Вязки растения». В Клоутоне, Брайан; Стэнсфилд, Кэти (ред.). После введения . Лондон: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 9780434139002 .
- ^ bioportal.naturalis.nl, образец wag.1846142
- ^ Hillier & Sons (1977). Каталог деревьев и кустарников . Хиллиер, Ампфилд, Великобритания.
- ^ Hillier & Sons Sales Inventory 1962–2777 гг. (Не опубликовано).
- ^ Установите Elms, историческое и текущее распределение
- ^ Карр, Джоанна (17 мая 2012 г.). «Деревья Кью посадились на королевской дорожке Хейла» . Западный Британец . Архивировано с оригинала 9 июля 2013 года . Получено 14 июня 2016 года .
{{cite news}}
: Cs1 maint: непредвзятый URL ( ссылка ) - ^ «Список растений в коллекции {elm}» . Городской совет Брайтона и Хоув . Получено 23 сентября 2016 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Späth, Ludwig (1930). Späth-Buch, 1720-1930 . Берлин: самостоятельно опубликовано. Стр.
- ^ U. plotii , Zuiderpark, The Hague, bioportal.naturalis.nl/specimen/l.1582320
- ^ rystonhall.co.uk/
- ^ Райстон Холл Каталог Дендрария . в 1920. С. 13–14.
- ^ Арнольд -дендрарий Бюллетень популярной информации, том 1 нс, № 14, 23 июля 1915 г., с.55
- ^ Арнольдский Денрдюл Бюллетень популярной информации, том 4 нс, № 10, 27 июня 1918 г., с.39
- ^ Арнольдский Дендрарий Бюллетень популярной информации, том 8 нс, № 13, 30 июня 1922 г., с.51
- ^ «Обзор работы Королевских ботанических садов, Кью, в течение 1949 года» (PDF) . Кью Бюллетень . 5 (1): 11. 1950. [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ]
- ^ Участок Элм Авеню, Ньютон на Тренте
- ^ «Нортгемптонширский участок въезжает - Towcester» . 2015-12-08.
- ^ "Линкольнширский участок въезды - Calceby"
- ^ 'Высокие деревья - расчет возраста деревьев', национальный парк.uk
- ^ Riddelsdell, HJ, Hedley GW, Price WR, Flora of Gloucestershire (Gloucester 1948), табличка XXVII
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Труды Коттсолда [sic] Полевого клуба натуралистов , вып. Xxvii, часть III (выпущена 1942 г. для 1941 года), с. 119 («Отчет о третьей зимней встрече клуба, 27 февраля 1941 года»); Тол. XXVII, часть III, с. 121 («Отчет о пятой зимней встрече клуба, 25 апреля 1941 года»); Тол. Xxviii, часть III (выпущена 1946 г. для 1944 года), с. 73 («Отчет о третьей экскурсии энтомологической секции 20 мая 1944 года»; Ulmus plotii в Сальпертон -парке)
- ^ Gloucestershire участка.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Грин, Питер Шоу (1964). «Регистрация имен сортов в Ulmus» . Арнольдия . 24 (6–8). Арнольдский Дерворт , Гарвардский университет : 41–80 . Получено 16 февраля 2017 года .
- ^ Джонс, EBC , Morning and Cloud (1932), с.234
- ^ Фотография хертфордширского поведения для сравнения («спины», Ривер Ли, Уэйр, Хертс.) Хаммертон, Джон Александр (1925). Замечательная Британия . Тол. 2. Флепольный дом.
- ^ "Хартфордширский сюжет Элмс - Уэйр" . 2016-06-15.
- ^ Участок Elm от River Nene, март, Cambridgeshire, 1929: Francisfrith.com
- ^ Установочный оборот на восточном берегу реки Нене, недалеко от Линкольншир -Норфолк -Границы - Карты Google, июль 2009 г., Дата доступа: 14 февраля 2020 г.
- ^ Эрнест Артур Роу (1862–1922), «Аббатство Revesby, Линкольншир, Розовый сад» (1898); fineartamerica.com
- ^ Мелвилл, Рональд, «Британские Элмс», «Новый натуралист» , Коллинз, Лондон, 1948, с.40
- ^ Дони, Джон Джордж, Флора Хертфордшир (Хитчин 1967), с.80
- ^ Фотография асимметричного хертфордширского вяза, «спины», Ривер Ли, Уэйр, Хертс. (От Hammerton, замечательная Британия , 1920, том 2): oreald.com [1]
- ^ Мосс, CE; Hunnybun, EW (1914). Кембриджская британская флора . Тол. 2 текст. п. 93 . Получено 13 декабря 2017 года .
- ^ Стандарт Питерборо , пятница, 12 ноября 1937 года; Northampton Mercury & Herald , 12 ноября 1937 г.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- «Участок elms» ( Ulmus Minor 'сюжет') www.plot-elms.co.uk
- «Участок elm», restivantelms.co.uk
- http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/Networks/euforgen/Networks/Scattered_Broadleaves/NHStrategies/UlmusSppConsStrategy.htm [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ] .
- Ulmus Minor Var. План действий PLOTII , траст дикой природы
- Ulmus Minor Var. PLOTII , Флора Дербишир, городской совет Дерби