Vachellia drepanolobium
| Свистящий шип | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Clade: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | Vachellia |
| Species: | V. drepanolobium
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| Binomial name | |
| Vachellia drepanolobium (Harms ex Sjöstedt) P.J.H.Hurter[2]
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| Synonyms | |
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Vachellia drepanolobium , более широко известный как акация или свист Drepanolobium [ 1 ] это опухшая акация, уроженка Восточной Африки. Свистым колючие вырос до 6 метров в высоту. Он производит пару прямых шипов в каждом узле, некоторые из которых имеют большие выпуклые основания. Эти опухшие колючки естественным образом полые и заняты любым из нескольких симбиотических видов муравьев. Общее название растения получено из наблюдения, что, когда ветер дует над выпуклыми шипами, в которых муравьи делали входные и выходящие отверстия, они производят свистящий шум. [ 3 ]
Свист колючка является доминирующим деревом в некоторых районах Нагрзовой Восточной Африки, иногда образуя почти монокультурную лесу, особенно на почвах " черного хлопка " замученного дренажа с высоким содержанием глины. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] На него просмотрите жирафы и другие крупные травоядные животные. По-видимому, он легко адаптирован с огнем после «Top Kill» от огня. [ 6 ]
Свист колючка используется в качестве ограждения, ручек инструментов и других орудий. Древесина свистящего шипа, хотя обычно в диаметре, жесткая и устойчива к термитам. [ 7 ] Ветви также могут быть использованы для разжигания, а его жевательная резинка иногда собирается и используется в качестве клея. Способность копейки после резки делает его, возможно, устойчивым источником для топливной древесины и древесного угля. [8] Conversely, whistling thorn also has been considered a weed of rangelands, and a woody plant encroachment species.[9][10]
Symbiosis with ants
[edit]Like other acacias, whistling thorns have leaves that contain tannins, which are thought to serve as deterrents to herbivory. Like all African acacias, they are defended by spines.[11] In addition, whistling thorn acacias are myrmecophytes that have formed a mutualistic relationship with some species of ants. In exchange for shelter in the bulbous spines (domatia) and nectar secretions, these ants appear to defend the tree against herbivores, such as elephants and giraffes,[12][13] as well as herbivorous insects.
At a site in Kenya, three Crematogaster and one Tetraponera ant species compete for exclusive possession of individual whistling thorn trees: Crematogaster mimosae, C. sjostedti, C. nigriceps, and Tetraponera penzigi.[4][5] Ant species vary in their level of mutualism with whistling thorn trees. The most common ant symbiote (~ 50% of trees), C. mimosae, has the strongest mutualistic relationship, aggressively defending trees from herbivores while relying on swollen-spines for shelter and feeding from nectar produced by glands near the base of leaves. (See also: Crematogaster peringueyi.)
3-Octanone and 3-Octanol have been identified as the alarm pheromones of Crematogaster negriceps and C. mimosa used in defending their tree. These chemicals are components of the ant’s mandibular gland secretion.[14] Later analysis of the mandibular gland secretion of these ants and of C. sjostedti showed distinct differences in the 28 volatile compounds that were identified.[15]
Because the ants compete for exclusive usage of a given tree, some species employ tactics to reduce the chance of a hostile ant invasion. Crematogaster nigriceps ants trim the buds of trees to reduce their lateral growth, thereby reducing chances of contact with a neighbouring tree occupied by a rival colony. Tetraponera penzigi, the only species which does not utilise the nectar produced by the trees, instead destroys the nectar glands to make a tree less appealing to other species.
The symbiotic relationship between the trees and the ants appears to be maintained by the effects of browsing by large herbivores. At the site in Kenya, when large herbivores were experimentally excluded, trees reduced the number of nectar glands and swollen spines they provided to ants. In response, the usually dominant C. mimosae increased their tending of parasitic sap-sucking insects as a replacement food source. In addition, the number of C. mimosae-occupied trees declined while twice as many become occupied by C. sjostedti, a much less aggressive defender of trees. Because C. sjostedti benefits from the holes made by boring beetle larvae, this species facilitates parasitism of trees by the beetles. As a result, the mutualistic relationship between whistling thorn trees and resident ants breaks down in the absence of large herbivores, and trees become paradoxically less healthy as a result,[5] and become much more vulnerable should herbivores be reintroduced.[16]
Gallery
[edit]-
Crematogaster nigriceps ants in defensive demeanor. Note the absence of leaves except at the swollen thorns. -
Vachellia (Acacia) drepanolobium - MHNT -
Vachellia (Acacia) drepanolobium seed pods. -
Vachellia (Acacia) drepanolobium. -
Vachellia (Acacia) drepanolobium growing in red volcanic soil on western slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2018). "Vachellia drepanolobium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T49277271A135815962. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T49277271A135815962.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Bot J Linn Soc. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047. hdl:10566/3454.
- ^ "Whistling Thorn". Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Young, T.P.; C.H. Stubblefield; L.A. Isbell (December 1996). "Ants on swollen-thorn acacias: Species coexistence in a simple system". Oecologia. 109 (1): 98–107. Bibcode:1997Oecol.109...98Y. doi:10.1007/s004420050063. PMID 28307618.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Palmer, T.M.; M.L. Stanton; T.P. Young; J.R. Goheen; R.M. Pringle; R. Karban (January 2008). "Breakdown of an Ant–Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna". Science. 319 (5860): 192–195. Bibcode:2008Sci...319..192P. doi:10.1126/science.1151579. PMID 18187652.
- ^ Okello, Bell; T.P. Young; C. Riginos; D. Kelly; T. O'Connor (2008). "Short-term survival and long-term mortality of Acacia drepanolobium after a controlled burn". African Journal of Ecology. 46 (3): 395–401. Bibcode:2008AfJEc..46..395O. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00872.x.
- ^ "The Whistling Thorn". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ Okello, B.D.; O’Connor, T.G. & Young, T.P. (2001). "Growth, biomass estimates, and charcoal production of Acacia drepanolobium in Laikipia, Kenya". For. Ecol. Manag. 142 (1–3): 143–153. Bibcode:2001ForEM.142..143O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.494.4621. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00346-7.
- ^ Pratt, D.J. & Gwynne, M.D. (1977). Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa. Hodder & Stoughton, London. ISBN 978-0-88275-525-0.
- ^ Dall, G.; Maass, B.L. & Isselstein, J. (2006). "Encroachment of woody plants and its impact on pastoral livestock production in the Borana lowlands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia". African Journal of Ecology. 44 (2): 237–246. Bibcode:2006AfJEc..44..237D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00638.x.
- ^ Ward, D. & T.P. Young (2002). "Effects of large mammalian herbivores and ant symbionts on condensed tannins of Acacia drepanolobium in Kenya". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (5): 921–937. doi:10.1023/A:1015249431942. PMID 12049231.
- ^ Madden, D.; Young, T.P. (1992). "Symbiotic ants as an alternative defense against giraffe herbivory in spinescent Acacia drepanolobium". Oecologia. 91 (2): 235–238. Bibcode:1992Oecol..91..235M. doi:10.1007/bf00317789. PMID 28313462.
- ^ Goheen, Jacob R.; Palmer, Todd M. (12 October 2010). "Defensive Plant-Ants Stabilize Megaherbivore-Driven Landscape Change in an African Savanna". Current Biology. 20 (19): 1768–1772. Bibcode:2010CBio...20.1768G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.015. PMID 20817530.
- ^ Wood, William F.; Chong, Berni (1975). "3-Octanone and 3-Octanol; Alarm Pheromones from East African Acacia Ants". Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society. 10: 332–334.
- ^ Вуд, Уильям Ф.; Палмер, Тодд М.; Стентон, Морин Л. (2002). «Сравнение летучих веществ в нижнечелюстных железах из трех симбионтов муравья к Crematogaster криповой акации». Журнал Биохимическая систематика и экология . 30 (3): 217–222. Bibcode : 2002biose..30..217W . doi : 10.1016/s0305-1978 (01) 00099-0 .
- ^ Янг, TP (2021). «Наивные растительные общины и отдельные лица могут первоначально страдать перед лицом реинтродрированной мегафауны: экспериментальное исследование переезда из африканского пастбища саванны» . Plos один . 16 (4): E0248855. Bibcode : 2021ploso..1648855y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0248855 . PMC 8023473 . PMID 33822786 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Дресслер, с.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). " Акация Drepanolobium " . Африканские растения - фотоид . Франкфурт/Main: Научно -исследовательский институт Сенкенберг.