Барбет белой щеки
| Барбет белой щеки | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Megalaimidae |
| Genus: | Psilopogon |
| Species: | P. viridis
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| Binomial name | |
| Psilopogon viridis | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Bucco viridis, Thereiceryx viridis, Megalaima viridis | |
Барбет с белым щеком или маленький зеленый барбет ( Psilopogon viridis )-это вид азиатского барбота, найденного в южной Индии . Он очень похож на более распространенный коричневый старог (или большой зеленый барбет, Zeylanicus но этот вид имеет отличительный суперцилий и широкую белую щеку под глаза Psilopogon ) , Части восточных Гат и прилегающих холмов. Барбет с коричневым головом имеет апельсиновое кольцо глаз, но призывы очень похожи, и два вида встречаются вместе в некоторых из более сухих лесов к востоку от Западных Гат. Как и все другие азиатские барботики, они в основном бешеные (хотя иногда они могут есть насекомых) и использовать свои счета для раскопок гнездовых полостей на деревьях.
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Bucco Viridis был научным названием , предложенным Pieter Boddaert в 1783 году для зеленого барбота, который был описан Жорж-Луи Леклерк, Comte de Buffon в 1780 году на основе образца, собранного в Индии. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Это было проиллюстрировано Франсуа-Николас Мартинет в ручной тарелке. [ 4 ] It was placed in the genus Megalaima proposed by George Robert Gray in 1842 who suggested to use this name instead of Bucco.[5] Its type locality is Mahé, Puducherry in southwestern India. It is a monotypic species.[6]
In 2004, molecular phylogenetic research of barbets revealed that the Megalaima species form a clade, which also includes the fire-tufted barbet, the only species placed in the genus Psilopogon at the time. Asian barbets were therefore reclassified under the genus Psilopogon.[7]
Results of a phylogenetic study of Asian barbets published in 2013 indicate that the white-cheeked barbet is most closely related to the yellow-fronted barbet (P. flavifrons), which is endemic to Sri Lanka.[8]
The relationship of the white-cheeked barbet with some close relatives in its taxon is illustrated below.[8]
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Description
[edit]The white-cheeked barbet is 16.5–18.5 cm (6.5–7.3 in) in length. It has a brownish head streaked with white, sometimes giving it a capped appearance. The bill is pale pink.[9] Size varies from the larger northern birds to the southern ones.[10]
Like many other Asian barbets, white-cheeked barbets are green, sit still, and perch upright, making them difficult to spot. During the breeding season which begins at the start of summer their calls become loud and constant especially in the mornings. The call, a monotonous Kot-roo...Kotroo... starting with an explosive trrr is not easily differentiated from that of the brown-headed barbet. During hot afternoons, they may also utter a single note wut not unlike the call of collared scops owl or coppersmith barbet. Other harsh calls are produced during aggressive encounters.[11]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The main range is along the Western Ghats south from the Surat Dangs and along the associated hills of southern India into parts of the southern Eastern Ghats mainly in the Shevaroy and Chitteri Hills.[11][9] In some areas such as in the city of Bangalore, it has been suggested that this species may have displaced the brown-headed barbet which was once said to occur there.[12]
Behaviour and ecology
[edit]
The Indian ornithologist Salim Ali noted that some individuals call in the night during the breeding season, but this has been questioned by other observers who noted that they appear to be strictly diurnal.[13]
Food and feeding
[edit]These barbets are arboreal and will rarely visit the ground. They obtain most of the water they need from their fruit diet. When water is available in a tree hole, they will sometimes drink and bathe.[14]
These birds are mostly frugivorous, but will take winged termites and other insects opportunistically. They feed on the fruits of various Ficus species including Ficus benjamina and Ficus mysorensis,[15] and introduced fruit trees such as Muntingia calabura. When foraging they are quite aggressive and will attempt to chase other barbets, koels and other frugivores.[9][16]
These barbets play an important role in forests as seed dispersal agents.[17][18][19] They also visit the flowers of Bombax for nectar and may be involved in pollination.[11]
Their fruit eating makes them a minor nuisance in fruit orchards although they are noted as having a beneficial effect in coffee plantations.[20][21]
A species of tick in the genus Haemaphysalis is known to be specific in its parasitic association with this species[22] and some species of Leucocytozoon are known to be blood parasites.[23] Some species of Haemaphysalis are known to carry the virus responsible for the Kyasanur forest disease.[24] Shikras have been recorded preying on adults.[25]
Breeding
[edit]
In Periyar Tiger Reserve, white-cheeked barbets begin breeding in December and continue to nest until May. They are believed to form a pair bond that lasts for longer than a single breeding season. Calling is intense during the courtship period. Courtship feeding of the female by the male is usual prior to copulation. Calling intensity drops after the hatching of the eggs.[25] The nest hole is usually made in dead branches. These barbets are aggressive towards smaller hole-nesters such as the Malabar barbet, sometimes destroying their nests by pecking at the entrance. Both sexes excavate the nest and it can take about 20 days to complete the nest. Eggs are laid about 3–5 days after nest excavation. About 3 eggs are laid. The incubation period is 14 to 15 days. During the day both sexes incubate, but at night, only the female sits on the eggs. The pair will defend their nests from palm squirrels which sometimes prey on the eggs. Chicks are fed an insect rich diet. The young leave the nest after 36 to 38 days.[25]
These birds are primary cavity nesters, chiseling out the trunk or a vertical branch of tree with a round entry hole. They breed from December to July, sometimes raising two broods.[9] Favoured nest trees in urban areas include gulmohur (Delonix regia) and African tulip (Spathodea campanulata). These nest holes may also be used as roosts.[26] They may reuse the same nest tree each year but often excavate a new entrance hole.[27][28]
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psilopogon viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681603A92913200. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681603A92913200.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Boddaert, P. (1783). "870. Barbu verd". Table des Planches enluminées d'Histoire Naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 53.
- ^ Buffon, G.-L. L. (1780). "Le barbu vert". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 161.
- ^ Buffon, G.-L. L.; Martinet, F.-N.; Daubenton, E.-L.; Daubenton, L.-J.-M. (1765–1783). "Barbu de Mahé". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 9. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale. p. Plate 870.
- ^ Gray, G. R. (1842). "Appendix to a List of the Genera of Birds". A List of the Genera of Birds (Second ed.). London: R. and J. E. Taylor. p. 12.
- ^ Peters, J. L., ed. (1948). "Genus Megalaima G. R. Gray". Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 31–40.
- ^ Moyle, R. G. (2004). "Phylogenetics of barbets (Aves: Piciformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (1): 187–200. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00179-9. PMID 15022769.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Den Tex, R.-J.; Leonard, J. A. (2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Asian barbets: Speciation and extinction in the tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.004. PMID 23511217.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Rasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 277.
- ^ Blanford, W. T. (1895). "Thereiceryx viridis. The Small Green Barbet". The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. 3, Birds (First ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 89–90.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1983). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 4 (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
- ^ George, J., ed. (1994). Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Bangalore. Bangalore: Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore.
- ^ Neelakantan, K.K. (1964). "The Green Barbet Megalaima viridis". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 4 (4): 6–7.
- ^ Yahya, H.S.A. (1991). "Drinking and bathing behaviour of the Large Green Megalaima zeylanica (Gmelin) and the Small Green M. viridis (Boddaert) Barbets". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 88 (3): 454–455.
- ^ Shanahan, M.; Самсон с.; Compton, SG & Corlett, R. (2001). « . Рис Биологические обзоры . 76 (4): 529–572. doi : 10.1017/s1464793101005760 . PMID 11762492 . S2CID 27827864 .
- ^ Кумар, TNV & Zacharias, VJ (1993). «Временные бюджеты в пищете фруктов Koel Eudynamys Scolopacea и Barbet Megalaima viridis » . В Verghese, A.; Sridhar, S. & Chakravarthy, AK (Eds.). Сохранение птиц: стратегии для девяностых и за его пределами . БАНГАЛОР: Орнитологическое общество Индии. С. 161–163.
- ^ Ganesh, T. & Davidar, P. (2001). «Моды рассеивания видов деревьев во влажных лесах южных западных Гат» (PDF) . Текущая наука . 80 (3): 394–399. JSTOR 24105700 .
- ^ Ganesh T. & Davidar, P. (1999). «Фруктовая биомасса и относительная численность ситоядных животных в тропическом лесу южного западного Гата, Индия». Журнал тропической экологии . 15 (4): 399–413. doi : 10.1017/s0266467499000917 . S2CID 84587797 .
- ^ Ganesh T.; Дэвидар, П. (1997). «Цветочная фенология и цветочное хищничество Cullenia exarillata (Bombacaceae) древесных позвоночных в Западных Гатах, Индия». Журнал тропической экологии . 13 (3): 459–468. doi : 10.1017/s0266467400010622 . S2CID 83574443 .
- ^ Yahya, HSA (1983). «Наблюдения за поведением кормления Барбет ( Megalaima sp.) В кофейных поместьях Южной Индии». Журнал исследований кофе . 12 (3): 72–76.
- ^ Чакраварти А.К. (2004). «Роль позвоночных в причинении заболеваний в фруктовых садах и их лечении в области фруктов и овощных заболеваний». В Мукерджи, кг (ред.). Фрукты и овощные заболевания . Тол. 1. С. 95–142. doi : 10.1007/0-306-48575-3_4 .
- ^ Раджагопалан П.К. (1963). « Haemaphysalis megalaimae sp. N., Новый тик из маленького зеленого барбета ( Megalaima viridis ) в Индии». Журнал паразитологии . 49 (2): 340–345. doi : 10.2307/3276011 . JSTOR 3276011 .
- ^ Джонс, Хью I.; Sehgal, RNM; Смит, Т.Б. (2005). «Leucocytozoon (Apicomplexa: Leucocytozoidae) от западноафриканских птиц, с описаниями двух видов» (PDF) . Журнал паразитологии . 91 (2): 397–401. doi : 10.1645/ge-3409 . PMID 15986615 . S2CID 7661872 .
- ^ Бошелл М., Хорхе (1969). «Кьясанурские лесные заболевания: экологические соображения». Американский журнал тропической медицины и гигиены . 18 (1): 67–80. doi : 10.4269/ajtmh.1969.18.67 . PMID 5812658 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Yahya, HSA (1988). «Биология размножения Барбтс, Мегалайма Spp. (Capitonidae: Picformes) в Periyar Tiger Reserve, Керала» . Журнал Общества естественной истории Бомбея . 85 (3): 493–511.
- ^ Нилакантан, К.К. (1964). «Привычки Барбет» . Информационный бюллетень для наблюдения за птицами . 4 (3): 1–2.
- ^ Бейкер, ECS (1927). Фауна Британской Индии, включая Цейлон и Бирму. Птицы. Том (4. Второе изд.). Тейлор и Фрэнсис, Лондон. п. 114
- ^ Нилакантан, К.К. (1964). «Подробнее о зеленом мегалайме виридис » . Информационный бюллетень для наблюдения за птицами . 4 (9): 5–7.
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- Шридхар Хари, Санкар К. (2008). «Влияние деградации среды среды обитания на птичьи стабы смешанных видов в индийских дождевых лесах». Журнал тропической экологии . 24 (2): 135–147. doi : 10.1017/s0266467408004823 . S2CID 86835417 .
Внешние ссылки
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