Итальянская демократическая социалистическая партия
Итальянская демократическая социалистическая партия Итальянская социалистическая демократическая партия | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Аббревиатура | PSDI |
Ведущие фигуры |
|
Основатель | Джузеппе Сарагат |
Основан | 11 января 1947 года |
Dissolved | 10 May 1998 |
Split from | Italian Socialist Party |
Merged into | Italian Democratic Socialists |
Headquarters | Largo Toniolo 16, Rome |
Newspaper | L'Umanità |
Youth wing | Young Social Democrats |
Ideology | Social democracy |
Political position | Centre to centre-left |
National affiliation |
|
European affiliation | Party of European Socialists (1992–1994) |
European Parliament group |
|
International affiliation | Socialist International |
Colours |
|
Итальянская демократическая социалистическая партия ( итальянская : итальянская социалистическая демократическая партия , PSDI ), также известная как итальянская социал -демократическая партия , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] была социал-демократической политической партией в Италии. [ 4 ] Самый длинный партнер по правительству по христианской демократии , [ 5 ] PSDI был важной силой в итальянской политике , [ 6 ] До 1990 -х годов снижение голосов и членов. Основателем и давним лидером партии был Джузеппе Сарагат , который занимал пост президента Итальянской Республики с 1964 по 1971 год. По сравнению с единомышленником итальянской социалистической партией на левоцентристском , он был центристским более [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Но это идентифицировано с левой частью центра. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
После правого сдвига в 1990 -х годах, что заставило некоторых наблюдателей задавать вопросы PSDI как социал -демократической партии, она была исключена из Европейской социалистической партии . [ 13 ] Когда Энрико Ферри основал с Луиджи Прети, нынешняя европейская либеральная социал-демократия (единственная), которая была в пользу альянса с Сильвио Берлускони , центральной коалицией выбор был стигматизирован PES и социалистическим международным и официальным заявлением и официальным заявлением и официальным заявлением и официальным заявлением, и официальное заявление был выпущен. В январе 1995 года Партийный конгресс поместил текущий Ферри и претензии в меньшинство и избрал Джана Франко Шиетромы секретарем. После того, как партия была расформирована в 1998 году, большинство отправилось в социалистическую партию , левой коалиции в то время как правый текущий член партии присоединился к правозащитным коалиционным партиям. В 2004 году партия была создана с тем же именем, итальянской демократической социалистической партией , которая остается второстепенной партией, связанной как с лебрюшными, так и с правыми коалициями.
History
[edit]Early years and government coalitions
[edit]The party was founded as the Socialist Party of Italian Workers (PSLI) in 1947 by a splinter group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) due to the decision of the latter to join the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the Popular Democratic Front's electoral list for the 1948 Italian general election. The split, led by Giuseppe Saragat and the sons of Giacomo Matteotti, took the name ofscissione di Palazzo Barberini, from the name of a palace in Rome where it took place. On 1 May 1951, it joined forces with the smaller Unitary Socialist Party and Labour Democratic Party and took the name Socialist Party – Italian Section of the Socialist International (PS–SIIS). On 7 January 1952, the PS–SIIS was ultimately renamed Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI). From 1949 to 1965, members of the PSDI held the presidency of the Istituto Nazionale di Previdenza Sociale (INPS).[14]
In 1966, the party joined the PSI to form the Unified Socialist Party. In 1969, after a disappointing result at the 1968 Italian general election, it left the new unified party, taking the name Unitary Socialist Party (PSU).[15] It returned to the PSDI name in 1971. In 1980, the party joined Christian Democracy (DC), the PSI, the Italian Republican Party (PRI), and the Italian Liberal Party (PLI) in the five-party coalition (Pentapartito), which ruled the country until 1991, and until 1994 without the PRI. The party's role in the coalition was minimal and was over-shadowed by the more powerful PSI. The PSDI was a member of Socialist International and a founder member of the Party of European Socialists (PES). Its members of the European Parliament sat within the Socialist Group since 1979.[16][17][18] In 1994, having grown increasingly conservative among social democratic parties, the PSDI was expelled from the PES.[13]
Decline and re-foundation
[edit]The PSDI was involved in the corruption scandals known as Tangentopoli and almost disappeared from the political scene. The 1994 Italian general election resulted in an almost overnight decline of the Pentapartito coalition parties and the rise of Silvio Berlusconi-led Forza Italia, which absorbed many PSDI voters. In January 1995, Gian Franco Schietroma was elected national secretary of the party replacing Enrico Ferri, who wanted to join the centre-right Pole of Freedoms. The followers of Ferri left and established the European Liberal Social Democracy and joined the centre-right Christian Democratic Centre (CDC).
In 1998, the party, led by Schietroma, finally merged with the Italian Socialists, one of the successor parties of the PSI, to form the Italian Democratic Socialists. By then, most members and voters of the party have joined other parties: Forza Italia (as Carlo Vizzini, party leader in 1992–1993), the CDC (as Ferri, party leader in 1993–1995), and The Democrats (as Franco Bruno). The party was re-established in 2004 with the same name, Italian Democratic Socialist Party, as the continuation of the party of Saragat, so that the new PSDI numbers its congresses in perfect continuity with the late PSDI.
Popular support
[edit]
The PSDI had its best result at its first appearance in the 1948 Italian general election, when it gained 7.1% of the vote. In that occasion, the party was successful in stealing many votes from the PSI, which was damaged by the split as well as by the alliance with the PCI in the Popular Democratic Front. The PSDI found its heartlands in Northern Italy: 12.9% in the Province of Turin, 11.9% in Cuneo, 10.6% in Milan, 13.9% in Sondrio, 12.6% in Treviso, 15.9% in Belluno, and 14.9% in Udine.[19]
Starting in the 1953 Italian general election, the party's support was around 4–5%, with the sole exception of the 1963 Italian general election, when it gained 6.1%. In the 1992 Italian general election, the last before Tangentopoli, the PSDI won 2.7%. The party maintained for decades its strongholds in the North-West and North-East; since the 1960s, it started to gain support in Southern Italy. By the 1987 Italian general election, the party's strongholds had moved South, especially Apulia, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicily,[20] similarly to what also the other parties of Pentapartito (DC, PSI, PRI, and PLI) were experiencing. This was partly due to the growth of regionalist parties in the North, which were united in Lega Nord starting in 1991. After Tangentopoli, Mani pulite, and subsequent political crisis, the PSDI almost disappeared electorally; it retained some support locally in the South, especially in Apulia.
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The electoral results of PSDI in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 1948 are shown in the chart above.
Electoral results
[edit]Italian Parliament
[edit]Chamber of Deputies | |||||
Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | Leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1948 | 1,858,116 (3rd) | 7.7 | 33 / 574
|
–
|
|
1953 | 1,222,957 (6th) | 4.5 | 14 / 590
|
![]() |
|
1958 | 1,345,447 (5th) | 4.6 | 22 / 596
|
![]() |
|
1963 | 1,876,271 (5th) | 6.1 | 33 / 630
|
![]() |
|
1968 | Into PSU | – | 29 / 630
|
![]() |
|
1972 | 1,718,142 (5th) | 5.1 | 29 / 630
|
–
|
|
1976 | 1,239,492 (5th) | 3.4 | 15 / 630
|
![]() |
|
1979 | 1,407,535 (5th) | 3.8 | 20 / 630
|
![]() |
|
1983 | 1,508,234 (6th) | 4.9 | 23 / 630
|
![]() |
|
1987 | 1,140,209 (6th) | 3.0 | 17 / 630
|
![]() |
|
1992 | 1,066,672 (10th) | 2.7 | 16 / 630
|
![]() |
|
1994 | 179,495 (14th) | 0.5 | 0 / 630
|
![]() |
Senate of the Republic | |||||
Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | Leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1948 | 1,219,287 (3rd) | 5.0 | 10 / 237
|
–
|
|
1953 | 1,046,301 (6th) | 4.3 | 4 / 237
|
![]() |
|
1958 | 1,136,803 (5th) | 4.4 | 5 / 246
|
![]() |
|
1963 | 1,743,837 (5th) | 6.4 | 14 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1968 | Into PSU | – | 10 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1972 | 1,614,273 (5th) | 5.4 | 11 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1976 | 974,940 (5th) | 3.1 | 6 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1979 | 1,320,729 (5th) | 4.2 | 9 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1983 | 1,184,936 (6th) | 3.8 | 8 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1987 | 822,593 (6th) | 2.5 | 6 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1992 | 853,895 (10th) | 2.6 | 3 / 315
|
![]() |
|
1994 | 66,589 (14th) | 0.2 | 0 / 315
|
![]() |
European Parliament
[edit]European Parliament | |||||
Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | Leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979 | 1,514,272 (5th) | 4.3 | 4 / 81
|
–
|
|
1984 | 1,225,462 (6th) | 3.5 | 3 / 81
|
![]() |
|
1989 | 945,383 (7th) | 2.7 | 2 / 81
|
![]() |
|
1994 | 227,439 (13th) | 0.7 | 1 / 87
|
![]() |
Regional elections
[edit]Regions of Italy | |||||
Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | Leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1,897,034 (4th) | 7.0 | 41 / 720
|
–
|
|
1975 | 1,701,864 (5th) | 5.6 | 36 / 720
|
![]() |
|
1980 | 1,505,607 (5th) | 5.0 | 31 / 720
|
![]() |
|
1985 | 1,150,788 (6th) | 3.6 | 23 / 720
|
![]() |
|
1990 | 894,318 (6th) | 2.8 | 21 / 720
|
![]() |
Symbols
[edit]-
1947–1948
-
1948–1983
-
Unified PSI-PSDI symbol, 1966–1969
-
1983–1992
Leadership
[edit]- Secretary: Giuseppe Saragat (1947–1948), Alberto Simonini (1948), Ugo Guido Mondolfo (1949), Ludovico D'Aragona (1949), Giuseppe Saragat (1949–1952), Ezio Vigorelli (1952), Giuseppe Romita (1952), Giuseppe Saragat (1952–1954), Gianmatteo Matteotti (1954–1957), Giuseppe Saragat (1957–1964), Mario Tanassi (1964–1966), unification with PSI in the PSU (1966–1969), Mauro Ferri (1969–1972), Mario Tanassi (1972), Flavio Orlandi (1972–1975), Mario Tanassi (1975–1976), Giuseppe Saragat (1976), Pier Luigi Romita (1976–1978), Pietro Longo (1978–1985), Franco Nicolazzi (1985–1988), Antonio Cariglia (1988–1992), Carlo Vizzini (1992–1993), Enrico Ferri (1993–1995), Gian Franco Schietroma (1995–1998)
- President: Giuseppe Saragat (1975–1976)
- Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Giuseppe Modigliani (1947), Rocco Gullo (1947–1948), Mario Langhena (1948–1950), Luigi Benanni (1950–1951), Ezio Vigorelli (1951–1954), Paolo Rossi (1954–1956), Alberto Simonini (1956–1958), Giuseppe Saragat (1958–1963), Virginio Bertinelli (1963–1966), Mario Tanassi (1966), Egidio Ariosto (1966–1969), Flavio Orlandi (1969–1972), Antonio Cariglia (1972–1976), Luigi Preti (1976–1978), Franco Nicolazzi (1978–1979), Alessandro Reggiani (1979–1987), Filippo Caria (1987–1992), Dino Madaudo (1992), Enrico Ferri (1992–1994)
References
[edit]- ^ Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 9788170233077.
- ^ Social Democratic Parties in the European Union. Springer. 13 January 1999. p. 228. ISBN 9780230374140.
- ^ The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. Oxford University Press. 2015. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-19-966974-5.
- ^ Lawrence Ezrow (2011). "Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
- ^ Marco Valbruzzi (2015). "Trasformismo". In Erik Jones; Gianfranco Pasquino (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. OUP. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-966974-5.
- ^ Il Pentapartito – Storia della Repubblica Italiana
- ^ Michael Sommer (2002). "Im Süden nichts Neues: Zur aktuellen Entwicklung des italienischen Parteiensystems" (PDF). Politische Vierteljahresschrift. Westdeutscher Verlag. p. 115.
- ^ "Il punto sull'attivita' e sulla collocazione politica del PSDI; la olidarieta' del PSDI al digiuno di Marco Pannella contro la disinformazione della RAI in particolar modo sui 13 referendum". RadioRadicale (in Italian). 21 January 1994. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ Гюнтер Траутманн (1984). «Реполитизация и демографическое изменение власти в политических системах Франции и Италии с 1972/73». В Юргене В. Фолтер; Кристиан Феннер; Майкл Т.Х. Грев (ред.). Политическая воля и агентство агентства . п. 185. doi : 10.1007/978-3-663-14338-3 . ISBN 978-3-663-14338-3 .
- ^ Альберто Стабиль (1 мая 1984 г.). «Николацци, анти-лонго мечты о PSDI будущего слева» . La Repubblica (на итальянском языке) . Получено 5 декабря 2013 года .
- ^ «Смысл в отношении деятельности и политического расположения PSDI; солидарность PSDI на посту Марко Паннелла против дезинформации RAI, в частности, на 13 референдуме» . Radioradicale (на итальянском языке). 21 Janogy 1994 . Получено 5 декабря 2013 года .
- ^ «Судьба партии» . Якобин . 23 января 2018 года . Получено 13 апреля 2023 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Марина Коста Лоба; Педро С. Магала (2004). способы "Эти социалистические В Гуулане Боноли; Мартин Пауэлл (ред.). Политика социал -демократической партии RATEDEDE. п. 84. ISBN 978-1-134-40891-7 .
- ^ История современной Италии: общество и политика, 1943–1988 гг. Пол Гинсборг
- ^ Алессандро Орсини (2015). Анатомия красных бригад: религиозный разум современных террористов . Издательство Корнелльского университета. п. 143. ISBN 978-0-80-146139-2 .
- ^ «Европейский парламент 1979» . Европа политическая . Получено 5 декабря 2013 года .
- ^ «Европейский парламент 1984» . Европа политическая. 17 февраля 2007 г. Получено 5 декабря 2013 года .
- ^ «Европейский парламент 1989» . Европа политическая . Получено 5 декабря 2013 года .
- ^ «::: Министерство внутренних дел ::: Исторический архив выборов - Палата 18 апреля 1948 года» . Архивировано из оригинала 26 июня 2008 года . Получено 16 октября 2008 года .
- ^ «Министерство внутренних дел. Исторический архив выборов» . Избирательный . Получено 5 декабря 2013 года .