Тегацзия

Тегацзия
	Менегаззия Pertransita, растущая на дереве возле перевала Артура , Новая Зеландия . Шкала = 1 см.
Научная классификация
Домен:	Эукариота
Королевство:	Грибы
Разделение:	Ascomycota
Сорт:	Lecanoromycetes
Заказ:	Леканоралс
Семья:	Parmeliaceae
Genus:	Menegazzia; A.Massal. (1854)
Type species
	Menegazzia terebrata; A.Massal. (1854)
Subgenera
	Dispora R.Sant. (1942); Octospora R.Sant. (1942); Megamenegazzia Bjerke & Sipman (2007)

Менегаззия - это род лишайных , грибов содержащих примерно 70 принятых видов . ^{[ 1 ]} Группа иногда называют флейты деревьев , сотовые лишайники или лишайники для удара . Наиболее очевидной морфологической особенностью рода является отличительные перфорации, распространяющиеся по верхней стороне таллуса . Это позволяет группе легко распознать, даже для тех, кто не особенно знаком с идентификацией лишайников.

Род имеет субмополитическое распределение (за исключением Антарктиды ), но сосредоточено в Австралии , Меланезии и Южной Южной Америке . Большинство видов растут исключительно на деревьях, но некоторые растут на скалах, мхе и/или почве. ^{[ 1 ]}

Этимология

Менегаззия Веронезе была описана лихенологом Абрамо Массалонго в 1854 году. ^{[ 2 ]} Он назвал его в честь своего друга Луиджи Менегаззи (1795-1854), который был натуралистом . ^{[ 3 ]}

Таксономия

Placement of Menegazzia within the Parmeliaceae has now been confirmed by several molecular studies.^[4]^[5]^[6] However, the exact position of the genus within the Parmeliaceae remains uncertain. It is unplaced within the Parmeliaceae. Previously, the morphologically similar genus Hypogymnia was thought to be the sister genus to Menegazzia, with some authors even separating these two genera into a family of their own, the Hypogymniaceae.^[7] However, no molecular phylogenies to date have supported this grouping.^[4]^[5]^[6]

There are three accepted subgenera within Menegazzia: Dispora, Octospora, and Megamenegazzia.^[8] However, the monophyletic nature of these three groups remains unknown.

Characteristics

Thallus

The thallus of Menegazzia is its most distinctive feature. It is foliose, dorsiventral, lobate, and often rosette-forming, though many species can also be irregularly spreading. It is heteromerous, that is, it contains an upper cortex, medulla, green algal layer (occupied by Trebouxia spp.), and lower cortex. The thallus can be loosely or closely attached to the substrate, depending on the species. Lobes are generally hollow and inflated, with perforations throughout the corticate upper surface. Only two species of Menegazzia are known which do not contain perforations (M. eperforata, and an as yet undescribed taxon from Papua New Guinea). Many species can be sorediate, but only a few isidiate. Maculae are often present, especially at the lobe tips. The lower surface is also corticate, naked, and often uniformly attached to the substrate (except in M. inflata). This surface is always blackened, and without rhizines. Internal cavities have walls which are most often white, but in some species they can be pigmented or blackened.^[9]

Apothecia

Rounded apothecia are produced along the lamina of most of the known Menegazzia species, while the others are thought to be entirely asexual (like M. nothofagi and M. globulifera). In the taxa that do produce apothecia, they are always lecanorine, and often cupuliform. They can be sessile, but more frequently are subpedicellate to pedicellate. The apothecial disc is concave to plane, matt to shining, or even pruinose in some taxa (like with M. dielsii), with a well-developed thalline exciple. Epithecium is pigmented, and occasionally has granular inclusions. The hymenium is always colourless. Hypothecium is chondroid, and made-up of thick-walled, conglutinated cells. Paraphyses are netted, with apical cells that are sometimes capitate, and often pigmented to some extent. Asci are 2 or 8-spored.^[9]

Spores

The ascospores are simple, colourless, ellipsoid, thick walled, with a broad range of dimensions: 20-120 × 10-50 μm. Pycnidia, if present, are produced along the lamina, and minute, immersed, and punctiform with a dark apex. Conidia, if present, are short and bacilliform.^[9]

Chemistry

Members of the genus have a diverse chemistry, including fatty acids, depsides, depsidones, and pigments.^[9]

Ecology

Menegazzia species are most often corticolous, but several species are saxicolous, muscicolous, and/or terricolous. This group tends to be most abundant and diverse in Australasia and South America, commonly found in forests where southern beech (Nothofagus) dominates. They favour higher-elevation, moist, cool habitats.^[10] Most species appear to be very slow growing, especially in dryer habitats, but more study is needed here.

Evolution

Ascus evolution in Menegazzia is of particular interest, because many species have 2-spores per ascus, while nearly all other genera in the Parmeliaceae have 8-spores (making the character likely plesiomorphic for the family).

Uses

Menegazzia does not produce any economically important products, nor is it known to have had any uses by indigenous peoples. However, the genus is important for some small insects, which use the hollow lobes for shelter and the upper cortex for food.

Species

Image gallery

Menegazzia castanea on a rock outcrop. Rock and Pillar Range, New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Menegazzia eperforata, on a tree in Mt. Bruce, New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Menegazzia terebrata, photographed in Bavaria.
Menegazzia terebrata, photographed in Bavaria.
Menegazzia testacea, on a small tree in the Rangipo Desert, New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Galloway, D.J. (2007). Flora of New Zealand - Menegazzia http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
^ James, P.W. and Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - Menegazzia http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/MENEGAZZIA%20Genus%20and%20Key.pdf
^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Arup, U., Ekman, S., Grube, M., Mattson, J., Wedin, M. (2007). The sister group relation of Parmeliaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Mycologia 99: 42-49. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/1/42
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Crespo, A.; Lumbsch, H. T.; Mattsson, J. E.; Blanco, O.; Divakar, P. K.; Articus, K.; Wiklund, E.; Bawingan, P. A.; Wedin, M. (August 2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID 17276700.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Thell, A., Feuerer, T., Karnefelt, I., Myllys, L., Stenroos, S. (2004). Monophyletic groups within the Parmeliaceae identified by ITS rDNA, β-tubulin and GAPDH sequences. Mycological Progress 3: 297-314. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11557-006-0100-1
^ Poelt, J. (1973). Classification. In: Ahmadjian, V., Hale, M.E. (Eds.), The Lichens. Academic Press, New York, pp.599-632./
^ Bjerke, J.W. and Sipman, H.J.M. (2007). New species and new records of Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) from Malaysia and Indonesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 153: 489-499. [1]
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Galloway, D.J. (1985). Flora of New Zealand - Menegazzia http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
^ Kantvilas, Gintaras; Louwhoff, Simone (March 2004). "A new eight-spored species of Menegazzia from Australia". The Lichenologist. 36 (2): 103–111. doi:10.1017/S002428290401415X. ISSN 1096-1135.

External links

Менегаззия на онлайн -флоре Новой Зеландии - Лишайны - Пересмотренное 2 -е издание (2007)
Менегаззия на онлайн -флоре Новой Зеландии - Лишайны (1985)
Менегаззия в онлайн -контрольном списке лишайников Австралии и ее островных территорий (2010)
Менегаззия в онлайн -энциклопедии жизни
Менегаззии Галерея на фотографиях тропических лишайников онлайн
СМИ, связанные с Менегаззией в Wikimedia Commons
Данные, связанные с Menegazzia в Wikispecies

[Galloway_a-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Galloway, D.J. (2007). Flora of New Zealand - Menegazzia http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx

[James_&_Galloway-2] James, P.W. and Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - Menegazzia http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/MENEGAZZIA%20Genus%20and%20Key.pdf

[3] Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.

[Arup_et_al.-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Arup, U., Ekman, S., Grube, M., Mattson, J., Wedin, M. (2007). The sister group relation of Parmeliaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Mycologia 99: 42-49. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/1/42

[Crespo_et_al.-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Crespo, A.; Lumbsch, H. T.; Mattsson, J. E.; Blanco, O.; Divakar, P. K.; Articus, K.; Wiklund, E.; Bawingan, P. A.; Wedin, M. (August 2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID 17276700.

[Thell_et_al.-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b Thell, A., Feuerer, T., Karnefelt, I., Myllys, L., Stenroos, S. (2004). Monophyletic groups within the Parmeliaceae identified by ITS rDNA, β-tubulin and GAPDH sequences. Mycological Progress 3: 297-314. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11557-006-0100-1

[Poelt-7] Poelt, J. (1973). Classification. In: Ahmadjian, V., Hale, M.E. (Eds.), The Lichens. Academic Press, New York, pp.599-632./

[Bjerke_&_Sipman-8] Bjerke, J.W. and Sipman, H.J.M. (2007). New species and new records of Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) from Malaysia and Indonesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 153: 489-499. [1]

[Galloway_b-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Galloway, D.J. (1985). Flora of New Zealand - Menegazzia http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx

[10] Kantvilas, Gintaras; Louwhoff, Simone (March 2004). "A new eight-spored species of Menegazzia from Australia". The Lichenologist. 36 (2): 103–111. doi:10.1017/S002428290401415X. ISSN 1096-1135.

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

[ 3 ]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]