Красный ирландский лорд
| Красный ирландский лорд | |
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Научная классификация 
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| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Chordata |
| Сорт: | Actinopterygii |
| Заказ: | Запасной фактор |
| Семья: | Agonidae |
| Род: | Hemilepidotus |
| Разновидность: | H. Hemilepidotus
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| Биномиальное название | |
| Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus | |
| Синонимы | |
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Красный ирландский лорд ( Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus ) является видом морской рыбы, заполненной лучами, в семействе Agonidae . Он встречается в северной части Тихого океана , от России до Аляски и до юга, как залив Монтерей . Это отчетливо красная рыба, с коричневой, желтой, белой и черной пятнами , обычно длиной около 30 см (12 дюймов), хотя образцы могут расти до 51 см (20 дюймов) в длину. [ 2 ] Немецкий натуралист Вильгельм Готлиб Тилсюй официально описал его в 1811 году. Калотичный, он скрывает замаскированные камни на океанском дне и набрасывается, чтобы захватить свою добычу - крабов, рыба и креветки.
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Немецкий натуралист Вильгельм Готлиб Тилсюз формально описал Красного Ирландского Господа в 1811 году как Котт Хемилепидот , [ 1 ] из материала, собранного у Петропавловского-Камчатского на полуострове Камчатка . [ 3 ] Имя вида (и род) получено из древнегреческих слов Hemi "Half", Scale Lepis "и OUS, Otis " Ear ". [ 2 ] Род был построен в 1829 году французским зоологом Жоржем Кювье во втором издании его работы Le Règne Animal . [ 4 ] Прусский натуралист Питер Саймон Паллас описал тот же вид, что и Cottus Trachurus в 1814 году. [ 2 ] Никаких подвидов не распознается, и в его диапазоне мало географических изменений. [ 3 ]
Описание
[ редактировать ]The red Irish lord grows to an average length of about 30 cm (12 in),[ 3 ] с максимальной зарегистрированной длиной 51 см (20 дюймов) и максимальным зарегистрированным весом 1100 г (39 унций). [ 2 ] As with most sculpins, it is only partially scaled and has a broad head and large eyes, with a slimmer body. Red Irish lords are also characterized by a dorsal fin separated into three notches, with an average of 10 to 12 dorsal spines, and 18–20 dorsal soft rays.[5] It possesses several bands of scales along its body, the dorsal band being about 4–5 scales wide, with another band below the lateral line that is about 10 scales wide.[6] However, there are no scales on its underside. It features frontal cirri of 4–8 barbels, and nasal cirri of 4–8 barbels, while lacking fleshy flaps on its nostrils.[5] It has 35 vertebrae.[7] The red Irish lord can be identified by its namesake red coloration, which can also contain brown, white, and black mottling. It is generally darker above and paler to almost white below. Spotting and mottling is more prominent in larger fish, and always visible on specimens over 6 cm (2.4 in) long. The pectoral and anal fins are mottled. The pelvic fins are pale, but are spotted or dark in large males.[3] It can also change color to blend in with its surroundings.[5]
The similar brown Irish lord has a dorsal band that is 6–8 (rather than 4–5) scales wide, while the yellow Irish lord has more slender cirri.[8]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The red Irish lord lives in temperate, demersal marine environments between 66°N and 34°N. They are found mostly along the coastal waters of the Northern Pacific Ocean, from the Bering Sea in Russia, to Alaska, to the Western coast of the U.S. as far as Monterey Bay in California, although rare that far south.[3] Red Irish lords are sculpins, and therefore benthic, bottom-dwelling fish that inhabit mostly shallow waters, but can live at deeper depths. They prefer a coastal, rocky habitat in reefs and shallow areas in the intertidal zone up to about 50 m (160 ft) in depth,[7] but their distribution can range all the way up to 450 m (1,500 ft).[2] Their hunting strategy and camouflaged coloration lend themselves to hiding at the sea floor among sand, rocks and other marine life, while waiting to ambush prey. They are not harmful to humans.[2]
Diet and behavior
[edit]The red Irish lord is a carnivorous ambush predator, using its camouflage to blend in with the ocean floor, where it sits motionless and waits to strike at passing prey. Living mostly on the bottom, its main food sources are crabs, small fish, shrimp, mussels, and barnacles.[2] Like many other sculpins, it tends to hide within rock crevices, strike out for food and quickly resume its position. They are typically discarded by commercial fisheries.[5]
The red Irish lord is preyed upon by the North American river otter.[9]
Life cycle
[edit]Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus is a non-migratory species. Its life cycle consists of five stages of development: egg, larvae, pre-juvenile, juvenile, and the adult stage.[3] While the red Irish lord exhibits primarily maternal guarding of young, males have been shown to build and guard nests into which the females then lay eggs.[5] The eggs are laid in a mass between October and January, the guarding fish retreating with low tide.[10] Juveniles typically live in tide pools for some period of time.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Tilesius, W. G. von 1811 Piscium Camtschaticorum descriptiones et icones. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg v. 3: 225–285 [263–70][1], Pls. 8–13.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus". FishBase. December 2008 version.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Peden, Alexander Edward (1964). A systematic revision of the Hemilepidotinae, a subfamily of cottid fishes (Thesis). University of British Columbia.
- ^ Cuvier, Georges (1829). Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée (in French). Paris: Chez Déterville. p. 165.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Red Irish lord • Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus". Biodiversity of the Central Coast. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
- ^ Tokranov; Orlov; Sheiko (2003). "Brief review of the genera Hemilepidotus and Melletes (Cottidae) and some traits of the biology of a new species for Russia Hemilepidotus zapus from Pacific waters of the northern Kurils". Journal of Ichthyology. 43: 333–349 – via Researchgate.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Herald, Earl S. (1999). A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes: North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 170. ISBN 0-618-00212-X.
- ^ Larsen, D.N. (1984). "Feeding habits of river otters in coastal southeastern Alaska". Journal of Wildlife Management. 48 (4): 1446–1452. doi:10.2307/3801818. JSTOR 3801818.
- ^ deMartini, Edward (1998). Michael H. Horn; Karen L.M Martin; Michael A. Chotkowski (eds.). Intertidal Fishes: Life in Two Worlds. Elsevier. p. 173. ISBN 9780080534930.