Ортонаровирус
| Ортонаровирус | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
| Кройн-конго геморрагическая лихорадка ортонаровирус вирион и геном | |
Классификация вирусов 
| |
| (не вмешательство): | Вирус |
| Область : | Рибовирия |
| Королевство: | Orthornavirae |
| Филум: | Денавирикота |
| Сорт: | Ellioviricetes |
| Заказ: | Bunyavirales |
| Семья: | Nairoviridae |
| Genus: | Orthonairovirus |
Orthonairovirus является родом вирусов в семействе Nairoviridae of Order Bunyavirales , которые включают вирусы с круговыми, негативными однопольными РНК . [ 1 ] Он получил свое название от болезней овец Найроби, которая затрагивает желудочно -кишечные тракты овец и коз. [ 1 ] Подавляющее большинство, и, возможно, все вирусы в этом роде-это вирусы, подаваемые клещами , которые могут иметь человеческие или другие хозяева позвоночных. [ 2 ]
Структура
[ редактировать ]Вирионы для вирусов в этом роде имеют сферическую форму. [ 3 ] Они варьируются в размере от около 80–120 нм в диаметре, причем 50% их веса связан с белками и 20–30% их веса, связанного с липидами. [ 1 ] Рибонуклеокапсид является нитевидным, длиной около 200-300 нм и шириной около 2–2,5 нм. [ 1 ] Эти нуклеокапсиды окружены одним оболочкой, которая имеет проекции, изготовленные из гликопротеинов, выступающих с ее поверхности. Эти проекции равномерно покрывают поверхность вириона и имеют длину около 5–10 нм. [ 1 ] Они помогают в приложении к рецептору хоста в репликации .
Genome
[edit]
Nairovirus genomes are negative sense, single-stranded RNA. The complete genome is about 17,100–22,800 nucleotides long, and is divided into three segments: large, medium, and small.[2] The large segment is about 11000–14400 nucleotides long (11–14.4 kb), and it encodes the viral polymerase.[1][3] The medium segment is about 4,400–6,300 nucleotides long (4.4–6.3 kb), and it encodes for glycoproteins G¬n and Gc.[1][3] The small segment is about 1,700–2,100 nucleotides long (1.7–2.1 kb), and it encodes the nucleocapsid protein.[2]<[1][3]
The genome has terminally redundant sequences, with the sequences being repeated at both ends. The terminal nucleotides are base-paired forming, non-covalently closed, circular RNA.[1] Both the 5’ and 3’ ends have conserved regions, 9 nucleotides in length. The sequences are, 5’end: UCUCAAAGA, and 3’end: AGAGUUUCU.[1]
Replication
[edit]
Nairoviruses attach to the host receptor by their Gn-Gc glycoprotein dimer.[3] The virus is then endocytosed into the host cell via a vesicle. The ribonucleocapsid segments are released into the cytoplasm, commencing transcription.[3] Transcription and replication occur within the cell, and the newly synthesized virions are released by budding.
Transmission and distribution
[edit]Members of this viral genus infect many different vertebrate hosts, and are transmitted via ticks.[1]
Members of the genus Nairovirus may be found the world over, wherever their arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts are found together.[3]
Clinical importance
[edit]Only four viruses in this genus have, to date, been recognised as human pathogens:
- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
- Dugbe virus
- Nairobi sheep disease virus
- Kasokero virus
- Wetland virus[4][5]
A fifth— Erve virus —may also be pathogenic for humans.
Evolution
[edit]Phylogenetic analysis has shown that these viruses fall into two major monophyletic groups, the hard (Ixodidae) and soft (Argasidae) tick-vectored groups.[6] Fossil and phylogenetic data places the hard tick-soft tick divergence between 120 million years ago and 92 million years ago. This suggests that the Nairoviruses have been associated with these ticks for over 100 million years.
Additionally, nairoviruses vectored by ticks of the genera Argas, Carios and Ornithodoros form three separate monophyletic lineages, again supporting the suggestion of host-virus cospeciation.
The hard bodied tick serogroups are
- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
- Nairobi sheep disease
- Sakhalin
- Tamdy
The soft bodied tick serogroups are
- Hughes
- Dera Ghazi Khan
- Qalyub
The tick vectors for the Kasokero and Thiafora serogroups are not currently known.
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus includes 41 species:[7]
- Abu Hammad orthonairovirus
- Abu Mina orthonairovirus
- Artashat orthonairovirus
- Avalon orthonairovirus
- Bandia orthonairovirus
- Burana orthonairovirus
- Chim orthonairovirus
- Congoid orthonairovirus
- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus
- Dera Ghazi Khan orthonairovirus
- Dugbe orthonairovirus
- Erve orthonairovirus
- Estero Real orthonairovirus
- Gossas orthonairovirus
- Hazara orthonairovirus
- Huangpi orthonairovirus
- Hughes orthonairovirus
- Issyk-kul orthonairovirus
- Kasokero orthonairovirus
- Keterah orthonairovirus
- Kupe orthonairovirus
- Leopards Hill orthonairovirus
- Meram orthonairovirus
- Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus
- Pacific Coast orthonairovirus
- Punta orthonairovirus
- Qalyub orthonairovirus
- Sakhalin orthonairovirus
- Sapphire orthonairovirus
- Scot orthonairovirus
- Soldado orthonairovirus
- Tacheng orthonairovirus
- Taggert orthonairovirus
- Tamdy orthonairovirus
- Thiafora orthonairovirus
- Tofla orthonairovirus
- Tunis orthonairovirus
- Vinegar Hill orthonairovirus
- Wenzhou orthonairovirus
- Yogue orthonairovirus
- Zirqa orthonairovirus
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "ICTV Report Nairoviridae".
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Crabtree, Mary B., Rosemary Sang, and Barry R. Miller. "Kupe Virus, a New Virus in the Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Nairovirus, Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (2009): 147–54.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Nairovirus." Nairovirus. Viral Zone. <http://www.expasy.ch/viralzone/all_by_species/251.html>.
- ^ Zhang, Xiao-Ai; Ma, Yi-Dan; Zhang, Yun-Fa; Hu, Zhen-Yu; Zhang, Jing-Tao; Han, Shuo; Wang, Gang; Li, Shuang; Wang, Xi; Tang, Fang; Liang, Wen-Jun; Yuan, Hong-Xia; Zhao, Jia-Qi; Jiang, Lan-Fen; Zhang, Lei (2024-09-05). "A New Orthonairovirus Associated with Human Febrile Illness". New England Journal of Medicine. 391 (9): 821–831. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2313722. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ^ Куделова, Марсела; Штибрани, Iveta (2019-03-13), 68 (MHV-68) и недавно обнаруженные тиковые» , Ticks и Pathogen Murine Gammaherpesvirus « 978-1-78985-765-8 Получено 2024-09-09
- ^ Honig JE, Osborne JC, Nichol ST (2004) Высокие генетические вариации вирусов рода Nairovirus отражают разнообразие их преобладающих хозяев клещей. Вирусология 318 (1): 10-16
- ^ «Таксономия вируса: выпуск 2020 года» . Международный комитет по таксономии вирусов (ICTV). Март 2021 г. Получено 19 мая 2021 года .