Эрмин мотылька

Эрмин мотылька
	Yponomeuta Evonymella
	Communal larval web
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Yponomeutoidea
Family:	Yponomeutidae; Stephens, 1829
Diversity
	600 species

Некоторые члены неродственных морских мотыльков (Pyralidae) также известны как «мотыльки». Spilosoma Lubricipeda - это неродственная моль с общим названием «Белое эрмин».

Семейство yponomeutidae известна как мотыльки . , с несколькими сотнями видов, большинство из них в тропиках Личинки , склонны формировать коммунальные сети ^{[ 1 ]} А некоторые являются незначительными вредителями в сельском хозяйстве , лесном хозяйстве и садоводстве . Взрослые мотыльки - незначительные опылители .

Таксономия

Традиционная таксономия на основе морфологии Kyrki (1990) разделила Yponomeutidae на шесть подсемейств, но это не обнаружено монофилетической в молекулярных филогенетических анализах. ^{[ 2 ]}^{[ 3 ]} Van Nieukerken et al. (2011) разделили Pryaldidae , Attevidae и Argyresthiidae в качестве отдельных семей, а Sohn (2013) подняли Scytropiinae для семьи, чтобы сдержать Scytropia . ^{[ 2 ]}^{[ 3 ]}

Два оставшихся подсемейства: ^{[ 2 ]}

The following genera have not been assigned subfamilies:

Characteristics

Larvae of Ermine moths at the bottom of their cocoon

Ermine moths are small to medium-sized moths varying in wingspan from 8 to 31 mm (0.3 to 1.2 in). The heads mostly have smooth scales, the haustellum is naked and the labial palps are curved upwards. The maxillary palps usually consist of one or two segments. The wings are long, often with fringes on the trailing edges of the hindwings. The colour is usually white, pale grey or drab, often with many dark speckles.^[4]

Adult ermine moths are mostly nocturnal.

The larvae are leaf-webbers, leaf skeletonizers, leafminers or needleminers and are found on a variety of host plants. Some cause economic damage to crops and trees.^[4]

Species (selection)

Better-known species include:

Spindle ermine, Yponomeuta cagnagella
Bird-cherry ermine, Yponomeuta evonymella
Orchard ermine, Yponomeuta padella
Yponomeuta plumbella
Acmosara polyxena
Apple ermine Yponomeuta malinellus
Ailanthus webworm

Etymology

The word Yponomeutidae comes from the Ancient Greek ὑπό (ypo) meaning under and νομός (nomós) meaning food or dwelling, thus "feeding secretly, or burrow".^[5]

References

^ James, David G. (2017). The Book of Caterpillars: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World. University of Chicago Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-226-28736-2.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Lewis, Jon; Sohn, Jae-Cheon (2015). Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea I (Argyresthiidae, Attevidae, Praydidae, Scythropiidae, and Yponomeutidae). Netherlands: Brill. p. 1. ISBN 9789004264267.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Kaila, Lauri; Kitching, Ian J.; Kristensen, Niels P.; Lees, David C.; Minet, Joël; Mitter, Charles; Mutanen, Marko; Regier, Jerome C.; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Wahlberg, Niklas; Yen, Shen-Horn; Zahiri, Reza; Adamski, David; Baixeras, Joaquin; Bartsch, Daniel; Bengtsson, Bengt Å.; Brown, John W.; Bucheli, Sibyl Rae; Davis, Donald R.; De Prins, Jurate; De Prins, Willy; Epstein, Marc E.; Gentili-Poole, Patricia; Gielis, Cees; Hättenschwiler, Peter; Hausmann, Axel; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Kallies, Axel; Karsholt, Ole; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Koster, Sjaak (J.C.); Kozlov, Mikhail V.; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Lamas, Gerardo; Landry, Jean-François; Lee, Sangmi; Nuss, Matthias; Park, Kyu-Tek; Penz, Carla; Rota, Jadranka; Schintlmeister, Alexander; Schmidt, B. Christian; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Solis, M. Alma; Tarmann, Gerhard M.; Warren, Andrew D.; Weller, Susan; Yakovlev, Roman V.; Zolotuhin, Vadim V.; Zwick, Andreas (23 December 2011). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758" (PDF). Zootaxa. Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. 3148: 212–221.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Heppner, John B. (2008). "Ermine Moths (Lepidoptera:Yponomeuthidae)". In Capinera, John L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1360–1361. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
^ Westwood, J. O. (October 1837). Loudon, John Claudius (ed.). "A series of Articles on the Insects most Injurious to Cultivators -- No. 8. The small Ermine Moth". The Gardener's Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement. 13: 434.

Внешние ссылки

"Чужое вторжения, ужасные истории или просто мотыльку Эрмина?" Полем Музей естественной истории . 17 июня 2010 года. Архивировано с оригинала 8 января 2011 года.

[James17-1] James, David G. (2017). The Book of Caterpillars: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World. University of Chicago Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-226-28736-2.

[LewisSohn-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Lewis, Jon; Sohn, Jae-Cheon (2015). Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea I (Argyresthiidae, Attevidae, Praydidae, Scythropiidae, and Yponomeutidae). Netherlands: Brill. p. 1. ISBN 9789004264267.

[vanNieukerken-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Kaila, Lauri; Kitching, Ian J.; Kristensen, Niels P.; Lees, David C.; Minet, Joël; Mitter, Charles; Mutanen, Marko; Regier, Jerome C.; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Wahlberg, Niklas; Yen, Shen-Horn; Zahiri, Reza; Adamski, David; Baixeras, Joaquin; Bartsch, Daniel; Bengtsson, Bengt Å.; Brown, John W.; Bucheli, Sibyl Rae; Davis, Donald R.; De Prins, Jurate; De Prins, Willy; Epstein, Marc E.; Gentili-Poole, Patricia; Gielis, Cees; Hättenschwiler, Peter; Hausmann, Axel; Holloway, Jeremy D.; Kallies, Axel; Karsholt, Ole; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Koster, Sjaak (J.C.); Kozlov, Mikhail V.; Lafontaine, J. Donald; Lamas, Gerardo; Landry, Jean-François; Lee, Sangmi; Nuss, Matthias; Park, Kyu-Tek; Penz, Carla; Rota, Jadranka; Schintlmeister, Alexander; Schmidt, B. Christian; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Solis, M. Alma; Tarmann, Gerhard M.; Warren, Andrew D.; Weller, Susan; Yakovlev, Roman V.; Zolotuhin, Vadim V.; Zwick, Andreas (23 December 2011). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758" (PDF). Zootaxa. Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. 3148: 212–221.

[Capinera-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Heppner, John B. (2008). "Ermine Moths (Lepidoptera:Yponomeuthidae)". In Capinera, John L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1360–1361. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.

[5] Westwood, J. O. (October 1837). Loudon, John Claudius (ed.). "A series of Articles on the Insects most Injurious to Cultivators -- No. 8. The small Ermine Moth". The Gardener's Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement. 13: 434.

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