Atriplex Nummularia
| Олдман Солтбуш | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | Atriplex |
| Species: | A. nummularia
|
| Binomial name | |
| Atriplex nummularia | |
| |
| Occurrence data ALA[1] | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Atriplex johnstoni | |
Atriplex Nummularia - это вид солончака из семейства Amaranthaceae [ 2 ] и это большой древесный кустарник, который обычно известен как Сталман Солтбуш . [ 3 ] A. Nummularia родной для Австралии и встречается в каждом из материковых штатов, процветающих в засушливых и полузасушливых внутренних регионах. [ 4 ]
Описание
[ редактировать ]Atriplex Nummularia - это многолетний галофитов вид [ 2 ] Это чрезвычайно выносливый, процветающий в особенно суровых условиях, таких как физиологические и щелочные низменности. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] A. Nummularia является крупнейшим видом австралийского солодного куста, обычно растущего шириной 2–4 м и высотой до 3 м. [ 7 ] либо в обширной, либо в прямой композиции. [ 8 ]
Он развивает решетку из древесных стеблей, которые отражаются или близко к уровню земли [ 2 ] и использует taproot с последующей корневой системой, которая является умеренной до глубокой. [ 3 ] Это вечнозеленое растение, [ 3 ] С простыми чередующимися листьями, которые часто имеют тусклые зубы и имеют нерегулярную форму, различающиеся между круглым и треугольным. [ 9 ] Листья варьируются от 1 до 5 см и имеют серебристо-северное покрытие с обеих сторон с чешуйчатой текстурой. [4][10]
Although hermaphroditic variations with bisexual flowers have been reported[11] this species is generally regarded as dioecious, with male and female flowers occurring on separate plants.[12] The male flowers are at the ends of branches in disjunct beads,[2] whereas the female flowers grow along panicles in dense clusters typically around 20 cm in length.[5] After the female flower has been fertilised, leafy bracts become enlarged and surround the developing seed.[3][7]
The seeds themselves are typically round with a thick, woody seed coat and an overall reddish-brown appearance.[9] Attached only at the base, the fruiting bracteoles are fan shaped and generally grow between 0.5–1 cm wide.[8]
Taxonomy and naming
[edit]Atriplex nummularia was first described as a species by John Lindley in 1848.[10] It belongs to the genus Atriplex[2] which comprises 298–377 species commonly referred to as a saltbush.[3] A. nummularia is originally from the family Chenopodioideae which contains approximately 165 genera and 2040 species.[2] More recently, this was included in Amaranthaceae (sensu lato). through the introduction of the APG II system in 2003.[2]
The genus name Atriplex is a Latin word meaning "saltbush"[13]: 111 and the specific epithet (nummularia) is derived from the Latin word nummus meaning "coin",[13]: 532 referring to the circular shape of the leaves.[3]
Its Noongar names are purngep, pining, and binga.[14]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Originally a native Australian plant, Atriplex nummularia naturally occurs New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia. It usually occurs on saline, low-lying clay soils such as floodplains, but is highly adaptable and can occur in most soils.[15]
Atriplex nummularia also thrives in temperate and sub-tropical regions of the world,[3] occurring throughout Taiwan and many parts of Oceania.[16] It has also been introduced to most Middle-Eastern and North African countries, as well as South Africa, Mexico, Chile, Spain and the USA.[4] A. nummularia is typically found in lowland areas such as floodplains in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres,[17] favouring saline clay soils.[9]
Behavioural
[edit]The name saltbush fittingly describes a function of the species in which they retain salt in their leaves absorbed with water through osmosis.[6][4] Optimal growth is achieved in places where the mean annual temperature is between 15–24 °C[18] and where rainfall is between 230–650mm per annum,[3] though conditions outside this range may be tolerated once the plant has become well established.[9] A. nummularia primarily grows on alluvial or limestone soils[6] and while extremely tolerant of both saline and alkaline conditions,[12] it does not cope in an acidic environment.[5] The species is able to grow in soils ranging from clays to sand,[9] but is best suited to well-drained soils that have a deep profile.[3]
Though a saline environment deters most pests[19] A. nummularia is not totally immune. The lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) and red-legged earth mite(Halotydeus destructor) are the most common[4] and can infest the plant, causing significant damage that results in the malformation of new growth.[6] It may also become sporadically attacked by a native saltbush scale, usually managed naturally through environmental processes.[20] A. nummularia is often used as a food source for the larvae of some species including Lepidoptera[5] and provide a habitat for arthropods including arachnids such as Phidippus californicus.[10]
Reproduction and dispersal
[edit]
Atriplex nummularia generally produces small wind-pollinated flowers throughout the winter months (June–August), although this may vary according to seasonal temperature fluctuations.[3] Seed production is often subject to immense variation with saltbush fruit commonly containing no seeds.[21] The seeds that do develop typically mature during the months of spring (September–November).[9]
Uses
[edit]Atriplex nummularia is among the most commonly utilised forage shrubs in Australia[7] and has become widely cultivated for stock fodder.[22] This is primarily a result of its propensity to survive in harsh environments subject to flooding, drought and high levels of salinity,[19] as well as being palatable to livestock due to the elevated mineral content of the plant.[16]
The seeds from the plant are a traditional food source for many Australian Aboriginal communities, both consuming them on their own and as a component of meals.[3] A. nummularia is also used as a windbreak, stock shade, crop shelter-belt,[9] screen or hedge,[4] firebreak,[5] erosion control and soil binder particularly for stabilising sand dunes[6] as well as rehabilitating eroded or scorched soils.[20]
Grubs found in the roots were eaten either raw or roasted by Noongar people, and the leaves and roots were mashed and boiled with water, to bathe skin sores wounds and burns,[14] while early settlers reportedly drank the same decoction to treat scurvy.[23]
Conservation actions
[edit]Atriplex nummularia occurs in several protected areas, including the following in New South Wales:[24]
- Kinchega National Park
- Mungo National Park
- Murrumbidgee Valley National Park
- Mutawintji National Park
- Paroo-Darling National Park
- Sturt National Park
- Yanga National Park
Gallery
[edit]-
A. nummularia - Large shrub -
A. nummularia - Stem and leaf segment -
A. nummularia - Fruit and flowers
References
[edit]- ^ "Atriplex nummularia Lindl. – Old-Man Saltbush". Atlas of Living Australia.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Iamonico, Duilio (2012). "Studies on the Genus Atriplex L. (Amaranthaceae) in Italy. II. Lectotypification of Atriplex Elongata Guss". Candollea. 67 (1): 181–5. doi:10.15553/c2012v671a18. ISSN 0373-2967. S2CID 85155554.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Moore, Philip (2005). A guide to plants of inland Australia. Reed New Holland. ISBN 978-1-876334-86-4. OCLC 224505970.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Notes on trees and shrubs in arid and semi-arid regions – Programme on the Ecological Management of Air and Semi-arid Rangelands in Africa and the Near and Middle East of. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1983. ISBN 978-92-5-101354-0. OCLC 11071774.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Seddon, Julian; Doyle, Stuart; Bourne, Mark; Maccallum, Richard; Briggs, Sue (2009). "Biodiversity benefits of alley farming with old man saltbush in central western New South Wales". Animal Production Science. 49 (10): 860–8. doi:10.1071/ea08280.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hodgkinson, Harmon S. (1987). "Relationship of Saltbush Species to Soil Chemical Properties". Journal of Range Management. 40 (1): 23–26. doi:10.2307/3899355. hdl:10150/645386. JSTOR 3899355.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Bauder, J. W.; Browning, L. S.; Phelps, S. D.; Kirkpatrick, A. D. (2008). "Biomass Production, Forage Quality, and Cation Uptake of Quail Bush, Four‐Wing Saltbush, and Seaside Barley irrigated with Moderately Saline–Sodic Water". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 39 (13–14): 2009–31. doi:10.1080/00103620802134842. ISSN 0010-3624. S2CID 98774265.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sampson, Jane F.; Byrne, Margaret (2012). "Genetic diversity and multiple origins of polyploid Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Chenopodiaceae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 105 (1): 218–230. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01787.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Strain, Boyd R. (1981). "Physiological Ecology of Atriplex". Ecology. 62 (5): 1403. doi:10.2307/1937309. ISSN 1939-9170. JSTOR 1937309.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Gustafsson, Mats (1976). Evolutionary trends in the Atriplex prostrata group of Scandinavia. Opera botanica. Vol. 39. Lund: Lund Botanical Society and the Dept. of Plant Taxonomy, University of Lund. OCLC 2399280.
- ^ Sadeghi, Hossein; Delaviz, Mohammad (June 2016). "Response of three new Atriplex species (Atriplex spp.) to drought and its recovery". Acta Ecologica Sinica. 36 (3): 212–7. doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.04.010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b El-Shatnawi, MKJ; Mohawesh, YM (2000). «Сезонный химический состав солончака на полузащитных пастбищах в Иордании» . Экология и менеджмент и менеджмент ; 53 (2): 211–4. doi : 10.2458/azu_jrm_v53i2_el-shatnawi . HDL : 10150/643750 . ISSN 1550-7424 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Браун, Роланд Уилбур. Состав научных слов . Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: Смитсоновская институциональная пресса. OCLC 1156882578 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Хансен, V; Horsfall, J. (2016). Noongar Bush Medicine Лекарственные растения к юго-западу от Западной Австралии . Кроули WA: UWA Publishing. С. 126–7. ISBN 978-1-74258-906-0 .
- ^ "Atriplex Nummularia" . Австралийский национальный гербарий . Получено 25 июля 2018 года .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Морено, Грейси Мици Безерра; Борба, Хираасильва; Арауджо, Герман Гарсия Лил де; Вольтолини, виноградники Тадеу; Moraes, Solete Alves de; Sobrinho, Américo Garcia da Silva; Нето, Оскар Бовентура; Младший, Дордживал Морайс де Лима; Cirne, Luis Gabriel Alves (2017-03-02). «Перевариваемость и характеристика ягнят, питающихся диетами, содержащими старика сеносол -куша» . Семина: сельскохозяйственные науки . 38 (1): 455–466. Doi : 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p455 . ISSN 1679-0359 .
- ^ Крамер, Пол Дж. (1982-03-01). «Соленная физиология и экология». Биоссака . 32 (3): 215. doi : 10.2307/1308952 . ISSN 0006-3568 . JSTOR 1308952 .
- ^ Хассин, Абир Бен; Lutts, Stanley (2010-11-15). «Дифференциальные реакции атриплекса соли Halimus L. подвергаются воздействию солености и водного стресса в отношении сжигающих гормонов абсцизовой кислоты и этилен». Журнал физиологии растений . 167 (17): 1448–56. doi : 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.05.017 . PMID 20869134 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Уоллес, А.; Ромни, Эм; Мюллер, RT (1982). «Отношения натрия в пустынных растениях». Наука почвы . 134 (1): 65–68. doi : 10.1097/00010694-198207000-00012 . S2CID 98696053 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Джонс, Ричард (1979). Биология атриплекса: на основе симпозиума, проводимого в Дениликине, Новый Южный Уэльс, 14-15 октября 1969 года . Канберра: CSIRO. OCLC 220278745 .
- ^ Хакер, Р. (2004). Работа с досками управления водосбором для расширения использования глубоко укоренившихся многолетних растений . Оранж, Новый Южный Уэльс: Департамент первичных отраслей.
- ^ Значение биоразнообразия солончатых (атриплексных Nummularia) в смешанных фермерских ландшафтах южной части Малли, Южная Австралия . Департамент воды, земельного и биоразнообразия. 2009. ISBN 978-1-921528-62-0 Полем OCLC 589809679 .
- ^ Lassak, E.; McCarthy, T. (2011). Австралийские лекарственные растения (2 -е изд.). Сидней: Новая Голландия. ISBN 978-1-877069-86-4 Полем OCLC 754600959 .
- ^ "Солтбуш" . Новый Южный Уэльс Парки и Служба дикой природы . Получено 25 июля 2018 года .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- Джепсон ручное лечение
- USDA Plants Profile
- « Atriplex Nummularia lindl.-Старый человек Солтбуш » . Атлас Живого Австралии.